Dna Discovery Is The Most Important Scientific Discovery...

DNA discovery is the most important scientific discovery of 20th century which increased our knowledge about hereditary material as the basis of life. It is present in all organisms from microscopic organisms like bacterium to macroscopic organisms like whale. It not only determines the physical characteristics of the organisms but the diseases develop in them. Deoxyribo nucleic acid is discovered by the decades of efforts made by the scientists. The history of the discovery of structure of DNA started in 1953 when Watson and crick discovered the structure of DNA. It is the blue print of life. It is a code and means of storing genetic information. It is a common misbelief that DNA was first discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953, but it was identified by a Swiss chemist Friedrich Meischer in 1869, not acknowledged much for his identification. But later on the Watson and Crick model of DNA was widely accepted and recognized. Meischer identified a substance while working on white blood cells of pus coated bandages. He used salt solution to find out the composition of WBCs. He noticed that a substance is separated from solution when he added salt in it. After that when he added alkali in it, the separated substance dissolved in it again. Meischer named this substance as â€Å"nuclein† .He discovered the hereditary material but unfortunately could not convince the scientific community about his findings. For many years scientists believed that protein is a substance which has storedShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Discovery Of Dna957 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of DNA is arguably one of the most important brea kthroughs of genetics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its discovery is littered with successes, failures, and even heartache. Numerous scientists are attributed to the discovery of DNA as a genetic material and even many more are also credited to the discovery of the molecule, structure, and function. Without the work of these remarkable scientists, the medical advancements over the last 50 years would not be possible. In 1865Read MoreHow Heredity Is The Passing Of Characteristics From One Generation1294 Words   |  6 PagesJames Watson and Francis Crick used the results of all these scientist to discover the meaning of life which was the structure of DNA. FREDERICK GRIFFITH ( 1877 - 1941) Frederick Griffiths was a british bacteriologist scientist who was born in 1877. Griffiths worked for the local government between 1913 till 1918 during world war 1. Living in this period it was important he could do a lot with very few basic apparatus. ( J. Stein Carter, 2000). Griffiths was searching for a vaccine against SpanishRead MoreMen and Women were Created Equal Essay examples751 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity impacted the whole world. Only in the 20th century, and most recently in the last 20 years, have women overcome social barriers and been allowed to obtain a scientific education. Today, women are becoming an ever-increasing percentage of the scientific and medical work force. In 1982 Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her discovery was that genes could jump around on chromosomes. This discovery was the basis of today’s advances in genetic engineeringRead MoreMen and Women Were Created Equ Essay759 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity impacted the whole world. Only in the 20th century, and most recently in the last 20 years, have women overcome social barriers and been allowed to obtain a scientific education. Today, women are becoming an ever-increasing percentage of the scientific and medica l work force. In 1982 Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her discovery was that genes could jump around on chromosomes. This discovery was the basis of todays advances in genetic engineeringRead MoreHow we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great curiosity1000 Words   |  4 Pagescuriosity of anyone interested in the medical field. Knowing the history can lead to even more discoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below. But here is where it all began†¦. The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th century, BC. He was the first scientist to have worked with dissection. His focus was in trying toRead MoreThe System Of Science And The Law1069 Words   |  5 Pagesnatural world. Science is completely based on data and concepts which are together called scientific methods. Where law serves as system to find the truth via fair trial and decision of judge or jury. Q.2 What type of incident was the most important in driving the initial development of forensic science? Ans. The incident that acted as a driving force in the development of forensic science was the discovery of Locard’s exchange principal which was evolved from his studies and work. Due to the successRead MoreThe Dna And Its Structure2011 Words   |  9 Pagestransmission to the next generation. Before the DNA double helix was discovered two biological question were unanswered: how can information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form? and how is it accurately copied? It was not until the 20th century when the DNA molecule was discovered and suggested answers to both these questions. (Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al, 2002) With the help of many scientists we now know exactly what the DNA molecule is, its structure, and its functionRead MoreA Little Big Research of Sun Tanning998 Words   |  4 Pagesthe global culture for a long time. In this paper, I would like to examine the roots and the reasons of tanning, the attitudes people have had towards it t hroughout the time, the effects on health, and the cultural differences of today. The most important thing one needs to be able to tan is, undoubtedly, sun. The Sun formed about 4.567 years ago along with the solar system from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. The temperature on the sun’s surface is aboutRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe2036 Words   |  9 Pagescome from all over Europe in both the past and the present. Many of the pioneers in learning to study and understand the physical world from a scientific point of view have come from Europe. Modern scientific works can still be attributed to these researchers because their work will always be significant and applied even in the modern world. Distinctively, most of these scientists have come from England than the rest of the Europe. Charles Darwin, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick among numerous others haveRead MoreHomework1572 Words   |  7 PagesEvery so often, a breakthrough scientific discovery is uncovered that completely changes th e way we view the world. Typically, at the slightest hint of revolutionary data, the media immediately broadcasts the forthcoming of a brand new wave of science that keeps everyone on the edge of their seat. There is one story, however, that did indeed change the world of science but took decades to surface. This intricate story is described in the award-winning book, â€Å"The Immortal of Henrietta Lacks†. Published

The Food and Drug Administration Essay - 866 Words

The Food and Drug Administration, also known as the FDA or USFDA, is responsible for protecting and advocating public health. They are the official government agency that ensures our drug supply is safe and effective. This is achieved through the regulation and supervision of food safety, dietary supplements, veterinary products, cosmetics, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, prescription and pharmaceutical drugs that can be purchased over- the- counter. When a pharmaceutical company creates a new drug, it has to go through the FDA and is required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA. The FDA reviews the application to assure that there is an objective proof that the proposed drug is safe and effective. If the†¦show more content†¦During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained to permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies. Phase 2 Clinical Studies - Helps determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 3 clinical studies - Intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug. There are multiple health concerns worldwide and more and more drugs are needed every day. Many drugs however, are extremely expensive to develop, test, and produce. According to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (2002), it costs up to $802 million to bring a new drug to the market. In 2002, pharmaceutical companies spent $34 billion in research and development (Center-Watch, 2003). In addition to the costs, the overall time from the discovery to approve and market the drug can take up to 15 years. Although the FDA prolongs this process for safety concerns, I personally feel that they should be able to expedite their approval. The reason for expedition is because more and more people are being diagnosed with multiple health issues. Some people are more desperate then others and feel they can benefit from the drug as it is. Therefore, if a person wants to take a drug that has not been approved yet, then they should be able toShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is best known for its role on protecting the health of the public by making sure that food, medications are safe and effective. Especially when it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, its mission is to regulate pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as the drug approval process. However, in the recent years, many arguments and controversy regarding drug development and regulation have risen. Drug advertisements make false and misleading claims, products areRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting and promoting  public health  through regulating pharmaceutical drugs, biologics and medical device in context to granting approvals for marketing authorization, surveillance of the clinical trial study of the drug, post-marketing surveillance of the medical product, etc. The Pharmaceutical companies seek for FDA approval for a new drug to be marketed through a long process. This process starts with applying an application knownRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1017 Words   |  5 Pagescosmetic products on the market all over the world than ever before. There has also been an emphasis on beauty and how one presents themselves to others. The combination of these factors lead to an increase in demand for cosmetics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has little to no control over the regulation over the safety of the ingredients included in personal care products on the market. Problems arise because there are known and identified toxic chemicals in many cosmetics, but not muchRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration898 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy, foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and their byproducts, derived from plant varieties developed by the new methods of genetic modification are regulated within the existing framework of the act† (FDA). In other words, instead of creating new regulations that are specific to these completely unique food products, they are put within the umbrella of other â€Å"natural† products. As time passes it appears to be harder to establish strict regulations to manage genetically modified food. AccordingRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto decline and present a risk to future food security. As a world, we are facing an adaptation deficit leaving us very vulnerable and thus, we must seek to find alternative resources to adapt and mitigate the risk to agriculture. One solution might be attributed to genetically modified foods, which are found in 80% of processed foods today, much to the unawareness of public consumers. In America, the Food and Drug Administration has the authority over food la beling and it has concluded that thereRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1903 Words   |  8 Pages2016. On December 1, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a Final Rule clarifying the requirements, which include easy-to-see calorie counts for all â€Å"standard menu items,† as well as the inclusion of statements communicating the average daily intake of 2,000 calories and informing consumers that more detailed nutritional information can be obtained by request (Goldman, 2015). The goal of this rule is â€Å"to make nutrition information for certain foods available to consumers in a directRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration2463 Words   |  10 PagesConsumers thus should be concerned what they put in their bodies. The Food and Drug Administration is regulating food, but people are sicker now than they ever have been. Not only them, but the big pharmaceutical companies also play a role in this giving drugs to people to help their problems but end up with a host of other problems from their fix. With this project I hope to show how incompetent the Food and Drug Administration is by unveiling what synthetic vitamins really are, the chemicals usedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved naltrexone in 1994 to assist in the treatment of alcohol dependence (Mark et. al, 2003). According to multiple studies of various sizes the medication has been proven to be highly beneficial in assisting with alcohol withdrawal and relapse (Leavitt, 2002; Rohsenow, 2004; Williams, 2005). With the approval of the FDA and the backing of many studies, why is this wonder drug not being more widely used? The following will address how naltrexone worksRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1142 Words   |  5 PagesAndy Nunez English 1101 Amy Sandefur 9 September 2014 Dear Michael Taylor, As senior advisor of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), I understand that you must have thousand of proposals being addressed to you everyday. I also understand that the FDA is responsible for tests that use dogs, primates and other species as test subjects to meet legal safety requirements. (Navs.org) At the same time, I, and millions of other people believe that the laws on animal experimentation need to be reviewedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1430 Words   |  6 Pagesto the sugary taste of many foods and go by many names – saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but they are all formulated by chemical engineers. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes artificial sweeteners as â€Å"probably safe,† and this statement has proven to be quite true (Nestle). For several years, aspartame and saccharin have been linked to weight gain and cancer in consumers and lab animals (Nestle). Because artificial sweeteners are used in many food pro ducts (most commonly diet

Analysis The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly Free Essays

In perfect competition, the market consists of a huge number of buyers and sellers and hence, a single buyer or seller, however large, can not influence the market price of a product by changing his own demand / supply of the product. All the firms produce and sell homogeneous products. The products are supposed to be identical in terms of quality, variety, color, design, packing, and other selling conditions whatsoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are no barriers to entry or exit in the market. Firms have complete freedom to move in or move out of any industry without any obstacle. The factors of production can be moved in and out of the market easily and effortlessly. Goods, services and labor are perfectly mobile between firms and consumers. In a perfect competitive market, buyers and sellers are supposed to possess perfect knowledge about the prevailing market conditions. Firms do not have to incur any cost on transportation of goods from one part of the market to another. There are hardly any Govt. interventions in the business of the farms. Due to all these factors, in perfect competition, firms can only earn normal profits From the above mentioned characteristics, it is beyond any doubt that no such market can exist in the real world. The assumption of large number of sellers and product homogeneity imply that all individual firms in perfect competition are price takers, the demand curve being infinitely elastic which means that firms can sell any amount of product at the prevailing price. Product  homogeneity is totally an unrealistic concept. There are always certain barriers to entry and exit for the firms in any market. Factors of production can not be perfectly mobile between firms and transportation cost always exists in every market. ‘Perfect knowledge’ never exists among all buyers and sellers and there is hardly any market where the government is devoid of any power to control it. Direct and indirect taxes are common in every part of the world. Monopoly Monopoly, being the exact opposite of the perfectly competitive market, consists of only one seller of a product. The products are not homogeneous in nature and hence, there is no close substitute for them. Moreover, barriers of entry are high and the firms can either fix the price or control the supply of a product. A monopolist applies price discrimination (different prices are charged for the same product from different customers); thereby earning super-normal profits. Pure monopoly is also rare in today’s market structure. There are always some close substitutes for every product or service. Thus while the National Railways may be termed a monopoly, the Road Transport Corporation provides a close substitute for the services provided by the former. Even a few decades ago, in developing countries like India, the National Airlines and TV channel, Electricity Boards etc. But with the globalization liberalization act in 1992, a large number of private players from across the world entered the market and gained considerable market share. De Beers was considered as one of the most effective natural monopolist in the world holding slightly less than 90 percent of market share in the mid-1980s, but still it was not the single player in the diamond market. Thus, although there may be certain markets which closely resemble some conditions of perfect and monopoly competitions, but considering the definition and characteristics of both these two types of markets, it can easily be concluded that the existence of such markets in the present age, is only a fictitious concept. References Economics for Managers, ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR) Publications, chapter: 6 – 7                                                 How to cite Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly, Essay examples

Human Resource Management for Legal Knowledge- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Legal Knowledge. Answer: Human resource management is a very important part that should be taken into consideration by every organization. If the organization have an effective human resource department then it can be easy for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. It is necessary to develop human resource policies and practices but it becomes really very difficult when we clearly explain the cultures of home country and subsidiary company as well as the cultures of the countries. Only explaining them doesnt make any sense so the company needs to find out the best policies and practices for both the subsidiary and private company. Many times the culture of the country and the culture of the organization differ and the difference is because of different culture, people followed in different countries. There are many approaches of human resources like ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric, or re-geocentric and according to the research; company has to decide which policy is the best. International human resource management needs to create all the policies and procedures in order to create a balance in the organization. Legal Knowledge- HR manager is responsible to compliance with law in each and every situation. It is a very important aspect of HRM. All the policies and procedures should be formed according to the law. HR should always keep the legal things in mind while drafting the policies as it affects the existence and the growth of the organization. There are different laws like labor law, minimum wages, tax laws, minimum working hour, minimum wages, and no discrimination. An HR should always ensure that all the applicable laws are followed or not (Mishra, 2016). Organizational roles- HR have the responsibility to organize the functions in the organization. HR management includes managing all the employees, and managing the HR department as well. HR should introduce the newcomers with the existing employees and assign a mentor to them. They are responsible to calculate their efficiency and improve them with the help of rewards and recognition (Wilson, 2014). Payroll management- HR management is responsible in calculating the wages, reimbursements, generation of pay slips and attendance of the employees. All the monitoring and tracking of in and out time of employees is also monitored by HR department. HR should provide possible information to the employees so that they can create a transparency in the organization. HR should ensure timely release of the salary and proper calculation has to be done while calculating the salary. Management- Management role of HR department is the most important role they have to play. They are responsible to manage the whole organization. They have to provide all possible efforts to create a healthy and good environment in the organization. They have to manage, create, implement and supervise the policies that are necessary for the employees and also provide them with the information of its proper functioning (Storey, 2014). Human resource management plays a great role to manage the function of the team and also helps to assist the employees working in the organization. Human resource department should be there in every organization so that the work related with the employees can be managed in a proper way. The hiring is done by human resource department and also the activities conducted by the employees are analysed by the human resource team. All the recruitment and selection process is conducted by the team which help the organization to attain goals and objectives of the organization. They act like a mediator between the employees and the organization. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to solve the conflicts that are prevailing in the organization. The employees who are working in the organization can sort out there problems by contacting to the human resource manager. To enhance the satisfaction of the employees the main duty is of the human resource manager. If the employee pos sess any difficulty in conducting task or face any problem in the organization, then they should contact to human resource manager of the organization (Ward McInnis, 2015). International human resource management consist of the similar activities that are conducted by the organization. IHRM consist of the roles and responsibilities that help to attain the organizational goals and objectives in effective manner. The aim is to survive in the competitive environment that exists on national and international level. There are various functions like recruitment, selection, training and development that are conducted on the international level. There are many functions related with IHRM and it helps to enhance the growth of the organization (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). The first function is concerned with recruitment and staffing. In this the main responsibility is to appoint efficient staff for the organization. The manager only hires the candidates who are eligible enough to conduct each and every function of the organization. At the time of recruitment there are various steps that are taken into consideration like interview and job description. It is very essential that international human resource management take into consideration those policies that can be implemented in a viable manner. It is very important to consider the qualification and experience of the candidate before appointing in the organization. It is seen that human resource plays a great role in conducting day to day operations of the organization and if the employees are not efficient, then it can be very difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. The work or task should be assigned to the candidate according to the qualification and skills that are poss essed by an individual (Barak, 2016). The next function is related with training and development. Training and development is one of the important aspects that should be taken into consideration by every organization. It is the method that enhances the motivation level of the employees towards the work. If proper training is given to the employees, then it is seen that employees of the organization conduct its operation in a proper manner. Training helps to increase the confidence level of the employees towards work. Training is a method by which the skills and capability of the employees is enhanced. If the organization does not provide effective training to its employees, then it can give negative impact on the working pattern of the organization (Greenberg Jetton, 2013). Another function is related with the salary and compensation. To keep balance between the compensation and the benefits of the human resource department is taken into consideration. The main responsibility of the human resource department is to provide the salary to the employees of the organization. There are various organizations that provide benefits like vacation trips, insurance plans to the employees who are working in the organization. So, all these activities are taken into consideration by the human resource department of the organization (Marchington, Wilkinson, Donnelly Kynighou, 2016). The last function is concerned with the legal criteria. The organization should conduct its operations under the legal rules and regulation implemented by the government. The human resource department should understand the laws that are implemented to conduct the day to day operations of the business. The laws differ from country to country. There are various laws that are imposed like workmen compensation, minimum wage and also the law related with the paid vacations. Also there are taxation policies that should be properly taken into consideration by the human resource manager of the organization. Human resource manager should consider all the laws and should consider it by discussing with the top management (Bunk Magley, 2013). There are various responsibilities that should be conducted by the human resource department. To resolve the conflicts: Conflict in the organization arises due to various reasons. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to create harmony and peace in the organization, so that the employees can work with full dedication towards the work. There are many employees who work in the organization and everyone has their own state of mind. So conflict arises easily between the employees. The main responsibility is of human resource manager to take corrective actions so that the employees feel good in working in the organization (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). Training and development: It is method by which the professional skills of the employee can be enhanced. The main responsibility is of the human resource manager to implement those training methods that enhances the productivity level of the employees. Training is very essential element that helps the organization to achieve positive outcomes. If training is not given to the employees then it can be very difficult for the company to achieve its targets. So, the human resource manager should focus on providing training to the employees of the organization. By proper training the organization can easily attain success and also the goodwill can be enhanced (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). Hire fresh talent: The manager has a responsibility to hire the fresh talent or the new candidates in the organization. The interview is conducted by the manager so that the eligible candidate can be selected for the organization. The candidates who possess the required qualification and skills are appointed by the manager to conduct the day to day operations of the business. In the recent scenario it is a great challenge to appoint appropriate candidate for the organization, as now a days people possess the knowledge but they dont know how to implement it in the right place. So the manager should take into consideration proper strategies by which the appropriate candidate can be selected for the organization (Ford, 2014). Working environment: It is seen that working environment plays a great role to enhance the level of productivity of the employees. It is the responsibility of the human resource department to maintain good environment in the organization, so that the employees can give their best towards the work. It is the responsibility of the department to minimize the negative forces and also to eliminate the stressful environment that gives direct impact on the employees who are working in the organization (Brewster, Houldsworth, Sparrow Vernon, 2016). The environment of the organization should be healthy and safe for the employees so that the positive results can be attained by the organization. The employees should be given the power to discuss the problems so that they can work freely. If the employees work with stress then it will be difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. Effective communication should be there in the organization, so that employees can feel free to share their views with the people of the organization (Aswathappa, 2013). Employee relations: It is very important to maintain the effective employee relations, so that the organization can easily attain the objectives. Employee relation is something on which the organization should give more focus, so that peace and harmony can be maintained and employees can work happily without stress. Employees are considered as an asset of the organization, they should be handled with proper care. If focus is not given on the employees, then it can be difficult for the organization to operate the day to day operations of the business. An effective organization is that in which the relation between the employee and the organization is proper. If the relation between the employees and the organization is not good then it can give negative impact on the profitability. The essential part is to create trust between the employees of the organization. If the trust is not there then it can be difficult for the organization to survive for long. So, the relations should be maintained in a proper way so that the employees can disclose their skills and work with full dedication (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The employees of the organization should be satisfied, and then only the organization will work in a viable way. International human resource management has a great impact on the multinational organizations as they take into consideration the people who belong from different culture or background. The human resource manager should give focus on maintaining the culture of the organization and also to enhance the productivity level of the employees who are working in the organization. The policies and procedures of the organization should be developed in such a manner that it gives satisfaction to the employees to work in effective way. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Aswathappa, K. (2013).Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P., Vernon, G. (2016).International human resource management. Kogan Page Publishers. Bunk, J. A., Magley, V. J. (2013). The role of appraisals and emotions in understanding experiences of workplace incivility.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,18(1), 87. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Greenberg, B. N., Jetton, S. M. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,352,341. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Grohmann, A., Kauffeld, S. (2013). Evaluating training programs: Development and correlates of the questionnaire for professional training evaluation.International Journal of Training and Development,17(2), 135-155. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Mishra, S. (2016). A study of barriers in managing workforce diversity.International Journal of Research in IT and Management,6(6), 140-156. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Ward, K. S., McInnis, L. A. (2015). Managing workforce health and wellness.Laboratory Medicine,39(6), 325-331. Wilson, J. P. (2014). International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2).