Father Of Internet Technology Essays - Telegraphy,

Father Of Internet Technology Evaluation of Craig Brockman's Assignment by Eric Becker (05/22 05:40 PM) Grade: A Craig H. Brockman Instructor: Eric Becker College Writing 9 May 2000 Dr. Leonard Kleinrock: Father of Internet Technology Most every work of human progress has carried within it the signature of one or more individuals who saw beyond the horizon, challenged convention and then, in ways large and small, forever changed our world. Some of these signatures, like Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone and Thomas Edison, whose many patents include both the electric light bulb, the microphone and record player, are easily identifiable. But what about a work of human progress so complex and far-reaching that its very origins might seem untraceable? Indeed, what about the Internet? [leave a space between paragraphs to make the break more distinguished] There are, of course, many individuals who have contributed to the rise and globalization of the Internet -- a network of networks, connecting all parts of the world electronically Yet one name stands out: Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, known to many as The Father of Internet Technology. It was his theory of packet-switching that led the United States government and a team of nearly 40 researchers to develop what would eventually be the worldwide communications system that is today so much a part of our lives.[excellent introduction, excellent thesis] The Internet, what exactly is it, and where did it come from? Definitions of the Internet are varied and can be truly complicated for the common layman to understand. In its most simple form, the Internet is defined in the publication The Internet, as the Internet is the biggest computer system in the world. It is an enormous network of networks that spans the globe continuously evolving and redefining itself (Cooper 8). However, there is an official definition of the Internet by the United States government. The governing body of the Internet is called The Federal Networking Council (FNC). And on October 24, 1995 the FNC defined the Internet as a global information system that - (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. (FNC) The start of the Internet Development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) started in the 1950's during the Eisenhower administration. ARPAnet was the answer to the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik. The United States military needed a way to communicate around the military network safely and securely. They (Department of Defense) came up with a system which sent information broken down into packets of data (Cooper 12). Since the ARPAnet was a network, the question of networking would surely arise. As pointed out in a compilation edited by Brian Cooper, network is defined as [...] a pair of computers linked together by cable so that they can share information, hardware (such as printers), and programs (12). Who is Dr. Kleinrock? Leonard Kleinrock had a very humble beginning. Born June 13, 1934 in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. At the age of six, Leonard Kleinrock was reading a Superman comic book at his family's apartment in Manhattan, when, in the centerfold, he found plans for building a crystal radio. To do so, he needed his father's used razor blade, a piece of pencil lead, an empty toilet paper roll, and some wire. [...] He needed an earphone, which he promptly appropriated from a public telephone booth. The one remaining part required was something called a variable capacitor. For this, young Leonard convinced his mother to take him on the subway down to Canal Street, the center for radio electronics. In one of the stores, he asked the clerk for a variable capacitor. After some debate about the size, which forced the six-year old to confess his inexperience, the clerk sold him just what he needed. [...] When free music came through the earphones-without batteries, without power-an engineer was born (Segaller 32). The education of Dr. Kleinrock was also incredible. One would look from the outside and would

Her path to a hopeful future Professor Ramos Blog

Her path to a hopeful future The story Woman Hollering Creek by Sandra Cisneros is about a girl named Cleofilas who is just about to marry a man named Juan. Newly married and planning to move, Her father said something to her as they said their goodbyes, â€Å"I am your father I will never abandon you.† (Cisneros 43). This stayed with her forever and she often thought, â€Å"How when a man and a woman love each other, sometimes that love sours. But a parent’s love for a child, a child’s for its parents, is another thing entirely.† (Cisneros 43). This is what I imagined saved her when she went into a dark place and thought about all of those stories from the telenovelas and folktales like La Llorona she knew of while growing up. Those could have played a big role into how her future turned out, she could have drowned her two kids like La Llorona or stayed in her abusive relationship with Juan like she would see in those shows she watched. Cleofilas picked a different ending to her sto ry, she turned something so tragic into potentially something beautiful. Cleofilas loved watching telenovelas and watched them very frequently. This affected and gave her unrealistic expectations on how a relationship works. She mentioned how one of the fictional characters who puts up with â€Å"all kinds of hardships of the heart and betrayal and loving no matter what because that is the most important thing.† (Cisneros 44). This line and the belief of putting up with the hardships of a relationship made Cleofilas believe that when Juan started hitting her it was something that was just a hardship. She didnt think he would ever hit her and was actually surprised when it happened. It wasnt just once either, he would hit her, not stopping till her lips were split and blood was spilled. She was so surprised, she didnt do anything, didnt fight back like she would see in those dramatic scenes in those telenovelas she watched. At times she thought about leaving him and returning home to her fathers house. She feared she would be seen as a disgrace, how the neighbours would talk and how she would come back with a young child, pregnant and no husband. Times were different back then and if you were a female you most likely werent working and as this was Cleofilas case, she felt as of she couldnt leave because â€Å"because the towns here are built so that you have to depend on husbands. Or you stay home.† (Cisneros 51). This makes woman feel isolated and stuck, which is what happend with Cleofilas. This keeps many women from leaving an abusive relationship, the most common reasons women stay in an abusive relationship are â€Å"fear, shame, lack of money/resources, love† (NDVH)   Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that Cleofilas felt like La Llorona in a way, living by that creek which was called Woman Hollering Creek.   She learned about the story growing up, the woman who drowned her children. She felt as if La Llorona was calling to her. The story of La Llorona was told to many children growing up, mostly to scare them. The story is about a girl named Maria who married a rich man, had two kids with them but after they were born he began to not care about her and started seeing another woman and drinking which angered her because she knew he might leave her. He would leave Maria for months at a time and when he came back it was only to see their two kids, this made her feel very angry and she started to resent her own children. She grew angry and threw them in the river, but soon after regretted it and would search for them, weeping, walking aside the river. Eventually because of her not eating, while constantly searching she died on the side of the river.   The ta le begins after when people would see a woman by the river weeping calling out for her children, and also taking other children and killing them as well. This feared everyone and they began calling her the La Llorona which stands for â€Å"the weeping woman†. I think Cleofilas felt a resemblance to La Llorona, living by the creek, two children and a bad relationship. I believe this scared her and she started to think of a way to get out. Cleofilas begs Juan to let her go to the doctor to check on the baby and eventually he says yes. She promised that if asked she would say she got her bruises from falling. When she’s there with her doctor she starts crying and the doctor sees all of her bruises, the doctor called her friend Felice. Graciela the doctor, explained to Felice Cleofilas situation and how all of her family is in Mexico and she hasnt been able to talk to them. This isnt uncommon and actually happens a lot, one of the most common signs of abuse is â€Å"keeping or discouraging you from seeing your friends or family.† (NDVH) They arrange that Felice will meet Cleofilas at the Cash N Carry on Thursday, from there she will drop her off at the greyhound. When Thursday came around Cleofilas was scared, â€Å"All morning that flutter of half-fear, Half-doubt.† (Cisneros 55) she feared Juan would come any second, just like what would happen in her dreams, she kept thinking until she saw a woman in a pickup truck. She put her bags in the back and the headed on their way. When crossing the river Felice opened her mouth and yelled, startling Cleofilas and Juan, Felice then explained how its something she does every time she crosses the bridge since it was called Woman Hollering Creek. Cleofilas felt amazed by Felice because she was a woman who drove a pickup truck, her own pickup truck, that she herself was paying for. I feel like this gave Cleofilas hope, that one day she herself can be so independent and own her own car, pay her own bills. Felice was unlike any woman she has ever met. Cleofilas went home and told the story of the yelling woman who yelled when crossing the bridge and how she herself yelled. I believe that this was the beginning of a new life for Cleofilas, with hope for her new future, she now could do whatever she wanted. There was away where she She was free and had changed her fate and was no longer scared that she saw a connection between her and La Llorona. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman hollering creek. 1991. The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (NDVH). https://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/

Discussion 700 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 700 - Assignment Example This assumption is underpinned by the fact that there is a point of intersection between patients’ seeking clinical care because of their problems and nurses availing themselves in willingness to offer the care. The theory assumes that therapeutic interaction cause patients and nurses to mature. This is because both of them end up learning something new from the encounter. Thirdly, the theory assumes that interviewing skills and communication skills will remain essential to nursing. Through these skills, nurses gather information about the issues of the patient in order to decide accurately about the most appropriate care. The last assumption is that self-understanding is important for nurses to facilitate patient growth and not limit the patient’s choices (Meleis, 2007). Man is an important concept to this theory and it perceives man as an organism that seeks ways of reducing the tensions drawing from their felt needs. According to this theory, health denotes a concept that shows progress of human processes towards community, productive and constructive living ((Basavanthappa, 2007)). Peplau perceived society or environment as containing mores and culture that are important to treatment. Nursing entails a relationship between persons in need of health services and health workers trained to recognize and address these needs. The theory is clear that a therapeutic alliance is imperative for a nursing process to succeed. It has remained consistent through time (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Finally, the theory holds that the nursing process happens in stages. These stages are orientation, identification, exploitation, and

Building for a Sustainable Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building for a Sustainable Future - Essay Example Strategic planning at the beginning of site investigation helps ensure that the process is technically sound, resourceful, and operating on proper time frame. There must be clear understanding of the specific regulations governing the investigation and remediation process, so that the entire operation is satisfactorily addressed (Improving Site Investigation). A structure which is economical and safe to construct is durable and has low maintenance costs. A large part of the decision to construct depends on the understanding of the nature of the ground. This understanding comes from an appreciation of the distribution of the materials in the ground and their properties. An adequate site investigation is therefore an essential part of the building project (A Client's Guide to Site Investigation). The selection of treatment technologies for a site often depends on the physical and chemical properties of the contaminants. For instance, volatile organic compounds are amenable to treatment by technologies such as soil vapor extraction or thermal desorption, because of their volatility. Conversely, metals which are not volatile and do not degrade are not usually amenable to treatment by those technologies (Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup). Brownfield sites are real property, ... ly, metals which are not volatile and do not degrade are not usually amenable to treatment by those technologies (Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup). Information to be included within a desk study Brownfield sites are real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant. If there is the fear that the site had borne any type of hazardous elements in the near or distant past, then it becomes necessary to have the site duly examined to find if traces of these elements exist in the soil today. The examination can be carried out by directly engaging site investigators. However, it is also necessary to ensure that the local authorities are apprised of the investigation and see if their participation is required in the investigation. Normally, statutory regulations empower states, communities and other stakeholders to work together to accomplish redevelopment of brownfields sites. These regulations also help businesses and communities adapt environment cleanup programs to the special needs of brownfields sites. Preparing brownfields sites for productive reuse requires integration of many elements. These elements mainly consist of financial issues, community involvement, liability considerations, environmental assessment and cleanup, regulatory requirements, coordination among many groups of stakeholders, etc. The assessment and cleanup of a site must be carried out in a way that integrates all these factors into the overall redevelopment process. The cleanup strategy will vary from site to site. At some sites, cleanup will be completed before the properties are transferred to the new owners. At other sites, cleanup may take place simultaneously with

Rthur Anderson Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rthur Anderson Scandal - Essay Example This helped the firm to grow and ended up being one of the companies serving the greatest number of clients in the U.S. Those who worked with Andersen were aware of his motto: "Think straight, talk straight.† Andersen also played a big role in upping the standards in the U.S. accounting industry. Additionally, he was involved in innovation of new accounting standards that are still being used today. Andersen was active in social activities that also got involved in charitable organization as well in promotion of education. The firm spent large amounts of money into training new recruits (Martin and Arthur 127). This was crucial in stressing the company’s morals and its consistency around in offering and performing services. The company was admired by many people for the high morals exhibited. He became even more popular when he refused to engage in a fraud case when one of his prominent clients presented flawed accounting records. He chose to lose the client rather than committing fraud, as was the wish of the client. This had a positive impact since it increased his reputation and that of the company. Greed Begins During the 1980s, the company started experiencing internal friction. Then, there were two divisions making up the firm. These were the consulting division and the audit division. The latter was much more established although consulting was then growing much faster than any other portion of the company (Ferrell et al. 327). This unequal growth of the departments led to the conflict arising since the consulting division felt that they needed a bigger share of the firm’s profits. As a result, there were disputes between both divisions, with each side citing the other as being greedy and unfair. Both the audit and the consulting divisions were essentially separate companies. The consulting firm was under the ownership of Andersen. It paid a percentage of their earnings to the parent company (Ferrell et al. 329). Later, Andersen estab lished another consulting division within his company. This new division competed with the other consulting department and this enabled them to retain all the earnings. Later the two sides split, forming separate companies. Fraud begins Andersen was involved in many cases, all of which he was accused of committing accounting fraud. Some of these companies included Sunbeam, Baptist Founding of Arizona, Quest Communication, Waste Management and Global Crossing. Surprisingly, Andersen was able to settle all these claims without admitting any existence of fraud. In case the claims got more serious and had nothing but to admit to fraud, the company put the blame on a few â€Å"corrupt partners.† However, the increased fraud cases were not favorable to the company as they were tarnishing the name of Andersen. Analysis It is clear that the continued unpunished behavior of the company’s activities led to a snowball effect that resulted in increased corruption at a high level. The accounting fraud issues had started small in the past. The activities went on unchecked until the management pushed the limits of the fraudulent deeds (Ferrell et al. 317). For a long time Andersen was generally viewed by many people as the symbol for integrity and honesty. Thus, most of these people thought that these fraudulent activities were not occurring at the high level of the firm. The Enron Scandal Enron Corporation was a global energy, commodities

The Adventure In The Context Of Tourism Tourism Essay

The Adventure In The Context Of Tourism Tourism Essay Adventure Tourism has known a rapid popularity during these last past decades. This rise and sudden popularity was partially thanks to a progression in the commercialization of outdoor recreation (Buckley, 2000, 2004a; Travel Industry Association, 2005) in (Buckley, 2007). Adventure travel existed since a long time; it began with early settler and has amplified increasingly since this period. The first adventure travelers were early explorers in quest of discovery, in the hunt for new resources, lands and looking for unknown places. Columbus, Cook, Da Gama, Magellan and Raleigh are among the well known early explorers in quest of adventure (Swarbrooke et al, 2003: 41). Mercenaries were also characterized as early adventurers having as main interest money, risk seeking while some others like Pilgrims were looking for spiritual knowledge (Swarbrooke et al, 2003). Adventure tourism is currently receiving a lot of attention and is the fastest and fashionable growing sector of the tourism industry. It is perceived as being a niche segment and take in land, air and sea-based activities. Adventure travel is becoming well-liked and individuals are now striving to find equilibrium between work and leisure. Adventure travel has recently created a center of attention for the older people most precisely the baby boomers (Patterson and Pan, 2007). This new cohort born between 1946 and 1964 are getting engaged in new adventure activities. This tendency is principally due to a change in lifestyle, being financially secured than previous cohorts and having more time now that their children have left home. Baby boomers are pushed and pulled by different motives to engage in Adventure tourism. One can have the wish for new experiences, escape from the daily routine, baby boomers in todays world no longer want to sit in a bus going for sightseeing they want t o experience in the activity. Baby boomers can be soft adventurers in pursuit of easy-doing activities containing low level of risk like bird watching, horse riding or hard adventurers in quest of thrills, challenge and adrenaline. Therefore, to better exploit the subject, research has been undertaken to explore and analyze what really motivate this generation to engage in adventure tourism, identify the different motivational factors, the types of activities they are more likely to participate in and their profile characteristics. Lot of research has been done on Adventure Tourism (Vester, 1987; Hill, 1995; Sung, 1997, 2000, 2004; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003; Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Gyimothy and Mykletun, 2004; Kane and Tucker, 2004; Weir, 2004; Flucker, 2005; Williams and Soutar, 2005; Cater, 2006; Page et al, 2006; Buckley, 2000, 2006, 2007; Patterson and Pan, 2007; Schott, 2007; Dimmock, 2009; Reynolds, 2012). Moreover there are some books of particular relevance to adventure tourism. These include Miles and Priest (1999) on adventure programming in outdoor recreation; Swarbrooke et al, 2003 on Adventure Tourism: The new frontier; Buckley (2006) on the structure of adventure tourism products and Patterson (20 06) on Growing older, tourism and leisure behavior of older adults. 1.1. Problem Statement Several studies have been written on adventure tourism, however no other studies apart from Patterson and Pan (2007) has been found on the motivation of baby boomers in adventure tourism. Most of the existing studies focus on adventure tourism from a general point of view (Vester, 1987; Buckley, 2006; Whiriskey and McCarthy, 2006) or look at different perspective such as Mountaineering and Adventure Tourism (Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Pomfret, 2006). Though, there is relatively little research neither on the motivation of people to engage in adventure nor on baby boomers. Ewert and Hollenhorst (1989) focused on adventure travel and its wilderness. Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2004) investigate on the segmentation of adventure market by activities while Dimmock (2009) explored on the comfort in adventure and Reynolds (2012) studied on the motivation and lifestyle of surfing as an adventure travel. Thus adventure tourism has been studied but through diverse perspectives and none apart from Patterson and Pan (2006) has focused on the motivation of Baby Boomers in Adventure. Subsequently to compensate this gap, this research will go deeper to assess those motivations that indulge baby boomers to participate in adventure tourism. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim The main aim of this study is to assess what motivate baby boomers to engage in adventure tourism. Objectives Assess the socio-demographic characteristics of baby boomers. To evaluate the trip arrangement factors of baby boomers To differentiate between hard and soft adventure and identify in which type of adventure activities baby boomers are more engaged in. Examine the push and pull factors that influence baby boomers in their choice. Outline of Study This study consists of five sections: the introduction, the literature review, methodology, results and discussion and conclusion and possible recommendations. Chapter 1: The study starts with a brief description on the field of research. This includes an introduction on the expansion of the tourism industry, the emergence of adventure tourism in todays world. It also includes the problem statement, aims and objectives of the research. Chapter 2: The literature review is divided into two parts which is chapter 2 and chapter 3. Chapter 2 is the first part of the literature review. This entails the theoretical background; starting with brief definition of different terms namely adventure Tourism, baby boomers, the types of adventure tourism. Chapter 3: The second part of the literature review lays great emphasis on the motivational theories; this chapter goes deeper onto the different motives that influence individuals in their choice for adventure. Chapter 4: This comprises of the methodology, this explains how research was conducted, the questionnaire design, method used to collect the data, sampling techniques, the data analysis and limitations of the study. Chapter5: This includes the results and discussions of the results Chapter 6: The last chapter reviews all of what have been discussed in the research and ends with some possible recommendations Chapter 2 2.0. Introduction This chapter consists of the literature review; the literature review sets the theoretical framework of this study. Before coming to the definition of adventure tourism, the term adventure is first explained, entailing its core characteristics. This is followed by an explanation on the term adventure tourism and baby boomers, types of adventure tourism as well as a the different types of activities involved in adventure tourism. 2.1. Adventure Adventure is all about action (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The term Adventure does not have a single definition. Adventure could mean different things to different people. What is Adventure for one can be routine for another (Weir, 2004). It varies from a vacation experience to a daily work life of an individual. In order to better understand the term adventure, it is crucial to pass on to its core characteristics; this is demonstrated in the figure below. Figure 1: The core characteristics of Adventure Source: Swarbrooke et al. (2003) These characteristics effectively go over the main points of adventure. Swarbrooke et al. (2003) affirm that these characteristics are mutually dependent since one element can develop the stimuli of another. For instance, novelty may lead to new exploration and discovery, escape from daily life, a look for challenge, danger and risk and develop contrasting emotions. 2.3. Adventure in the context of Tourism Tourists in todays world are not the same as it was in previous years. In this day and age, tourists are desperately in pursuing momentous and unique experiences. They want active rather than passive participation, seek new sensation and change from their ordinary life (Moeran, 1983:17). Adventure tourism is the new emergent and niche sector of the tourism industry. This sector count up 15% of all leisure travel and this rate is going to enlarge in the coming future (Hawkins, 1994; Loverseed, 1997; Fluker and Turner, 2000). Researchers has defined adventure tourism through diverse interpretation (Buckley, 2000; Bentley and Page, 2001; Hudson, 2002; Swarbrooke et al. 2003; Page et al. 2005). Amodeo (2004: 84) define adventure tourism as travel to places that require a certain degree of effort and commitment to get and are about the experience and the journey rather than just a list of places visited or the level of luxury. On the contrary, Muller and Cleaver (2000, p.156) define adventure tourism as physically bracing, adrenalin-driven, somewhat risky, with moments of exhilaration punctuated by many opportunities to assess and reassess what has been done or accomplished. As compared to Amodeo (2004), Muller and Cleaver (2000) definition of the term is mostly inter-related to the two constructs of perceived risk and perceived performance, where high physical ability and risk sensation is mended for it to be extreme and dynamic. Nevertheless, Weir (2004) argue that Adventure do not necessarily contain high level of danger, since there exist adventure with no element of risk or hazard. In the tourism industry, this is normally termed as soft adventure. On the contrary of the definition provided by the researchers, Swarbrooke et al (2003) state that Adventure tourism is not defined according to specific activities that are undertaken, but more by the state of mind and approach of the participant. This means that it is the personal interpretation and perception of individuals towards Adventure that will more clearly define the term. Six major dimensions of adventure tourism have been developed by Sung, Morrison and OLeary (1997) and these are namely activity, experience, environment, motivation, risk and performance. These components can be seen as major essentials for people to go for adventure travel. The activity and environment will consist of the physical location of the adventure travel, and this can be the natural environment. The experience will be the outcome to gain at the end, this can be self-achievement. Moreover, the motivation is all about the interest of the individual and endeavors to engage in adventure while risk and performance is a look for challenge and competence to do the activity. Adventure tourism takes in a range of activities and this includes air, sea and land-based activities (Hall, 1992; Fennel, 1999; Page et al. 2003; Pomfret, 2004; Gajda, 2008).This is illustrated in table 1. Table 1: Conventional and contemporary adventure tourism activities Land based Water based Air based Mixed (land/water/air) Abseiling Body boarding Ballooning Adventure racing Backpacking Canoeing Bungee jumping Charity challenges Bicycle Canyoning Cliff jumping Conservation expeditions Caving Cruise expeditions Gliding Cultural experiences Climbing Kayaking Hang-gliding Gap your travel Dog sledding Sailing Micro-lighting Hedonistic experiences Hiking Scuba diving Paragliding Spiritual enlightenment Hunting Snorkeling Parachuting Wildlife watching Horseback riding Surfing Skydiving Jungle exploring Water skiing Motorcycling White water rafting Mountain biking Wind surfing Mountaineering Orienteering Quad biking Scrambling Skiing Snow boarding Snow mobiling Snow shoeing Via Ferrata* Wilderness experiences* â‚ ¬Ã‚ ªBackpacking, climbing, hiking, mountaineering, skiing, via ferrata and wilderness experiences are all mountaineering-related activities Sources: Hall 1992, Page et al. 2003, Pomfret 2004 2.4. Types of Adventure Tourism Adventure tourism is composed of diverse types of activities which can fit to the need of different adventure traveler (CBI, 2011). Types of Adventure tourism can be categorized in two section which is hard and soft Adventure. The categorization of the Adventure tourism aspects diverge between researchers (Hill, 1995; Cloke and Perkins, 1998; Sung, Morrison and OLeary, 2000; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003; Ryan and Trauer, 2004) in (Schott, 2007). For example, Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2000) categorized the types of activities into six groupings including soft nature, risk equipped, question marks, hard challenge, rugged nature and winter snow (Beedie and Hudson, 2003). Several studieswere categorized in terms of activities and principally between hard and soft adventure and the researchers study will follow this trend (Hill, 1995; Millington and Locke, 2001; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003:69; Miller, 2003:2; Adventure Travel Society, 2003; Patterson and Pan, 2007). Table 2 present some example s of soft and hard adventure tourism. Table 2: Examples of soft and hard adventure tourism Soft adventure Hard adventure Wilderness jeep safaris Climbing and mountaineering Supervised and escorted trekking Long distance back country trekking Cycling holidays Downhill mountain biking Sailing holidays Paragliding Learning to surf and to windsurf Heli-skiing holidays Camping Canoeing and kayaking Source: Sung et al. 2000 2.4.1. Soft Adventure Soft adventure can be defined as adventure activities that require low level of risk, low physical effort and obligation. These are activities usually undertaken by novice adventurers or people who want passive activities level, accompanied with experienced guides (Hill, 1995) in (Schott, 2007). On the other hand, Goodnow (2005) described Soft adventure journeys as travel to new and exotic locations with low force activities. Some major examples of soft adventure activities are horse-riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, snorkeling, and animal watching, walking in natural areas, safari (Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Swarbrooke et al, 2003; Williams and Soutar, 2005; Patterson and Pan, 2006; CBI, 2011) Generally, novice adventures engaged in soft activities due to the fact that they lack some experience, it can be misperceiving risk and their competence and perhaps choose soft activities because of a sensation of fear and hesitant and thus want to be on safe in a secured environment (Priest, 1999, p.160, cited in Miles and Priest; Pomfret, 2004). 2.4.2 Hard Adventure Hill (1995) labeled hard adventure as activities requiring high level of risk, extreme commitment and superior and sometimes specialized skills. Hill also point out that hard adventures necessitate good skills in risky and dangerous situations. Risk and competence are two major aspects involve in hard adventure activities. Those engage in hard adventure are generally in quest of challenge, adrenaline rush and risk(Peterson, 1989; Rubin, 1989; Mallett, 1992) in (Williams and Soutar, 2005). People have a desire to seek new sensations (Zuckerman, 1979), and are motivated by challenge and mastery (Ewert, 1985). These people are commonly known to be brave, skilled and having good physical intensity (Pomfret, 2004) Some examples of hard activities are mountain climbing, bungee jumping, canyoning, caving, ballooning, parasailing, surfing and so forth. 2.5. Baby Boomers Baby boomers can be defined as a cohort of young-old people who were born between 1946 and 1964. They are now aged between 48 and 66 years old in 2012, (Gillon, 2004) in (Patterson, 2006, p.15). The history of baby boomers dated from the period of the Second World War. Baby Boomer develops its name due to a growth in birthrate during the years 1946 and 1964  [1]  . During this century, soldiers came back home from war and wanted to start a new life, build up a family, which show this sudden rise in birthrate (Ohio History Central, 2005). Statistics recorded 79 million births during this period1 Another synonym for baby boomers can be Lucky Generation (Mackay, 1997, p.60) in (Hamilton, M and Hamilton, C., 2006). The term Lucky was used to describe them because they have grown up in the first generation enjoying a reasonably prosperous and serene society. Additionally, Hamilton (2006) point out that during retirement baby boomers will definitely have more money to spend after long years of hardworking and savings from pension plans. Baby boomers enjoy a better health than in the past; they are taking special care to their diet, though living longer and happier and more importantly being physically active by engaging in various types of leisure activities (Cochran, 2005; Sperazza and Banerjee, 2011). Baby boomers are seeking new change and novelty; they no longer want to rely on repeat leisure program like bingo party, voluntary actions or mere leisure interests. These activities are getting outdated and this is not going to be in the interest of the baby boomers in retirement. As a result, Experts will definitely have to look at new leisure products, or programs that will attractenthusiastic, energetic participants rather than passive participant (Cochran, Rothschadl and Rudick, 2009). 2.6. Adventure Tourism and Baby Boomers Adventure Tourism has become very popular during these last past decades. Adventure Tourism is considered as an alternative form of tourism. In todays world, people no longer want to enjoy basic activities; they want to surpass the mass activities, being deeply in the thrill and excitement of the adventures. The aging process has also altered intensely during these past years. According to Xola Adventure (2006), old people aged between 41-to-60 years old represent the greatest participating age category in adventure travel at a rate of 42.2 percent. This has emerged and is going to develop more in the future. When talking and thinking about aging process our first impression was an inexorable slide into illness, impotence and immobility (Kraus, 2001). Nowadays, this image of the baby boomers is no more present. Patterson (2006) also shares his opinion on this change. She argues that this is a time of new experiences and feelings. Baby boomers need to feel they are free to do what they want or what they have always dreamed of and which were not fulfilled years before (MacNeil and Teague, 1987; Leitner, 1996; McGuire et al., 2004). Adventure is not reserve for younger people, nowadays lots of people aged between 42 and 64 are being engaged in adventurous activities. Gone are those days where older people used to spend their leisure time in sedentary and socially based activities like watching movies, listening to the radio (Lawton, 1993) in (Patterson, 2006: 7). Research has demonstrate that we are moving through an era where things are changing, habits of older people from previous generation differs from that of the present generation. Baby boomers see their retirement as being the time to refresh, experience novelty and new sensation. They acquire a feeling of freedom and harmony, do what they want, things that was impossible for them to accomplish perhaps due to overload of work, looking and caring for their children (MacNeil and Teague, 1987; Leitner 1996; McGuire et al., 2004). Being more financially secure, in good health and physical condition, and also well-educated encourage baby boomers to engage in outdoor recreation activities. This enables them to feel at one with nature, physically fit and more importantly a way to feel they are still young. Lipscombe (1995) in his research find out that lots of older adults are at present requesting activities that engage physical defy, not purposely danger but travel that have at least journeys, intellectual challenge, and involving the exploration of new places and cultures (Gibson and Singleton, 2012). It is to be noted that baby boomers are not seeking for simple and easy-done activity; they are looking for a certain degree of challenge and risk. They want to have fun, seek thrill, these can be a principle motive because they were too focus on their career years before, striving hard to cater for the needs of the family. All this was such a big responsibility that they now want to relax and enjoy, do something for themselves while children had grown up and get away in the routine they had imprisoned themselves for years. Chris Doyle, vice president of ATTA point out from an interview with Airoldi (2008) that the50-plus traveler is a major market for adventure sector; especially because they are among those who travel more frequently since they have the financial ability to do so. Muller and OCass (2001) explore the different motive of older men and women in engaging in adventure activities. He note down that young at heart older men were more interested to take part in activities such as white-water rafting, glacier hiking, rock climbing, caving and hot air-ballooning. On the contrary to the young at heart older men, the young at heart older women has a preference for mountain hiking, rainwater treks, bird-watching and walking for inner journeys while being on travel holiday. It is then observed that men prefer hard adventure activity as compared to women who enjoyed generally soft ones. A Marketing to women report (2000) sustain such statement by arguing that women aged between 55 and 75 are more likely to engage in soft activities like safaris, hikes and trips to striking locations. They further point out to favor being in a secure environment with professional adventure providers, and with company of others having similar ages. Adventure can be classified in certain words, Play, Freedom and Reality (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The authors basically described adventure as a game played by participants in tourism; being free to engage in any particular activities and experiencing the reality of it. Moreover Kane and Tucker interpret the term play, as being a game for the adults, reliving their childhood and though enjoying this freedom to play like a child again. Hence, this fresh cohort of retirees is hungry to get off the beaten path (Symonds, 1998). 2.7. Summary From this chapter, the researcher has been able to gain a theoretical knowledge of the basic theories on adventure tourism and baby boomers. The different types of adventure tourism was examined, which is hard and soft adventure. The baby boomers generation was also defined, where proper information was gathered in regards to their lifestyle and their interaction in leisure and adventure tourism

drug essay :: essays research papers

Would I say no to drugs and alcohol if I were asked to try it? That is a question that I have been asked many times. What else can I say but absolutely! Why would I say yes to something that very slowly destroys your body? Frankly, I don’t know why anybody would actually want to try it if they know the consequences that they will end up with later in life. Everybody knows, you and I know it, that if they continue smoking for the rest of their life, it is just a matter of time until something really horrible rolls around the corner and ruins the rest of their life. Just think of all the great opportunities that would be waiting for them if they chose to live a healthy life. Have you ever seen those smoking commercials? For instance, the one with the old lady with the hole in her neck? Well, some people might think those commercials are just pointless and gross, but I have a different opinion. I think those commercials send a strong message to young kids just starting to experiment with booze and drugs. They can see the actual effects they have on people and maybe, just maybe, teenagers and other people who are just starting will think twice about making smoking a regular habit. Bad breath, premature wrinkles, yellow teeth, etc. are just some of the short-term effects that drugs will cast upon you. It’s almost like casting a spell on you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦magically they just appear. Some long-term effects of the poisons are much more severe and if you are lucky enough to receive them, you’ll sure wish you never started. Cancer, emphysema, and birth defects if you are pregnant, are just some of the horrible long-term effects that you will probably end up with in the latter parts of your life.