Dna Discovery Is The Most Important Scientific Discovery...

DNA discovery is the most important scientific discovery of 20th century which increased our knowledge about hereditary material as the basis of life. It is present in all organisms from microscopic organisms like bacterium to macroscopic organisms like whale. It not only determines the physical characteristics of the organisms but the diseases develop in them. Deoxyribo nucleic acid is discovered by the decades of efforts made by the scientists. The history of the discovery of structure of DNA started in 1953 when Watson and crick discovered the structure of DNA. It is the blue print of life. It is a code and means of storing genetic information. It is a common misbelief that DNA was first discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953, but it was identified by a Swiss chemist Friedrich Meischer in 1869, not acknowledged much for his identification. But later on the Watson and Crick model of DNA was widely accepted and recognized. Meischer identified a substance while working on white blood cells of pus coated bandages. He used salt solution to find out the composition of WBCs. He noticed that a substance is separated from solution when he added salt in it. After that when he added alkali in it, the separated substance dissolved in it again. Meischer named this substance as â€Å"nuclein† .He discovered the hereditary material but unfortunately could not convince the scientific community about his findings. For many years scientists believed that protein is a substance which has storedShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Discovery Of Dna957 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of DNA is arguably one of the most important brea kthroughs of genetics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its discovery is littered with successes, failures, and even heartache. Numerous scientists are attributed to the discovery of DNA as a genetic material and even many more are also credited to the discovery of the molecule, structure, and function. Without the work of these remarkable scientists, the medical advancements over the last 50 years would not be possible. In 1865Read MoreHow Heredity Is The Passing Of Characteristics From One Generation1294 Words   |  6 PagesJames Watson and Francis Crick used the results of all these scientist to discover the meaning of life which was the structure of DNA. FREDERICK GRIFFITH ( 1877 - 1941) Frederick Griffiths was a british bacteriologist scientist who was born in 1877. Griffiths worked for the local government between 1913 till 1918 during world war 1. Living in this period it was important he could do a lot with very few basic apparatus. ( J. Stein Carter, 2000). Griffiths was searching for a vaccine against SpanishRead MoreMen and Women were Created Equal Essay examples751 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity impacted the whole world. Only in the 20th century, and most recently in the last 20 years, have women overcome social barriers and been allowed to obtain a scientific education. Today, women are becoming an ever-increasing percentage of the scientific and medical work force. In 1982 Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her discovery was that genes could jump around on chromosomes. This discovery was the basis of today’s advances in genetic engineeringRead MoreMen and Women Were Created Equ Essay759 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity impacted the whole world. Only in the 20th century, and most recently in the last 20 years, have women overcome social barriers and been allowed to obtain a scientific education. Today, women are becoming an ever-increasing percentage of the scientific and medica l work force. In 1982 Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her discovery was that genes could jump around on chromosomes. This discovery was the basis of todays advances in genetic engineeringRead MoreHow we came to know what we know now about anatomy and physiology has always been a great curiosity1000 Words   |  4 Pagescuriosity of anyone interested in the medical field. Knowing the history can lead to even more discoveries in the future. When you think of anatomy you imagine something like this picture below. But here is where it all began†¦. The beginning of anatomy and physiology, ironically, began with a curiosity in biology. The first man to create an important contribution to biology was Alcmaeon, in the 5th century, BC. He was the first scientist to have worked with dissection. His focus was in trying toRead MoreThe System Of Science And The Law1069 Words   |  5 Pagesnatural world. Science is completely based on data and concepts which are together called scientific methods. Where law serves as system to find the truth via fair trial and decision of judge or jury. Q.2 What type of incident was the most important in driving the initial development of forensic science? Ans. The incident that acted as a driving force in the development of forensic science was the discovery of Locard’s exchange principal which was evolved from his studies and work. Due to the successRead MoreThe Dna And Its Structure2011 Words   |  9 Pagestransmission to the next generation. Before the DNA double helix was discovered two biological question were unanswered: how can information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form? and how is it accurately copied? It was not until the 20th century when the DNA molecule was discovered and suggested answers to both these questions. (Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al, 2002) With the help of many scientists we now know exactly what the DNA molecule is, its structure, and its functionRead MoreA Little Big Research of Sun Tanning998 Words   |  4 Pagesthe global culture for a long time. In this paper, I would like to examine the roots and the reasons of tanning, the attitudes people have had towards it t hroughout the time, the effects on health, and the cultural differences of today. The most important thing one needs to be able to tan is, undoubtedly, sun. The Sun formed about 4.567 years ago along with the solar system from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. The temperature on the sun’s surface is aboutRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe2036 Words   |  9 Pagescome from all over Europe in both the past and the present. Many of the pioneers in learning to study and understand the physical world from a scientific point of view have come from Europe. Modern scientific works can still be attributed to these researchers because their work will always be significant and applied even in the modern world. Distinctively, most of these scientists have come from England than the rest of the Europe. Charles Darwin, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick among numerous others haveRead MoreHomework1572 Words   |  7 PagesEvery so often, a breakthrough scientific discovery is uncovered that completely changes th e way we view the world. Typically, at the slightest hint of revolutionary data, the media immediately broadcasts the forthcoming of a brand new wave of science that keeps everyone on the edge of their seat. There is one story, however, that did indeed change the world of science but took decades to surface. This intricate story is described in the award-winning book, â€Å"The Immortal of Henrietta Lacks†. Published

The Food and Drug Administration Essay - 866 Words

The Food and Drug Administration, also known as the FDA or USFDA, is responsible for protecting and advocating public health. They are the official government agency that ensures our drug supply is safe and effective. This is achieved through the regulation and supervision of food safety, dietary supplements, veterinary products, cosmetics, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, prescription and pharmaceutical drugs that can be purchased over- the- counter. When a pharmaceutical company creates a new drug, it has to go through the FDA and is required to submit a New Drug Application (NDA) to the FDA. The FDA reviews the application to assure that there is an objective proof that the proposed drug is safe and effective. If the†¦show more content†¦During Phase 1, sufficient information about the drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects should be obtained to permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, Phase 2 studies. Phase 2 Clinical Studies - Helps determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 3 clinical studies - Intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug. There are multiple health concerns worldwide and more and more drugs are needed every day. Many drugs however, are extremely expensive to develop, test, and produce. According to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (2002), it costs up to $802 million to bring a new drug to the market. In 2002, pharmaceutical companies spent $34 billion in research and development (Center-Watch, 2003). In addition to the costs, the overall time from the discovery to approve and market the drug can take up to 15 years. Although the FDA prolongs this process for safety concerns, I personally feel that they should be able to expedite their approval. The reason for expedition is because more and more people are being diagnosed with multiple health issues. Some people are more desperate then others and feel they can benefit from the drug as it is. Therefore, if a person wants to take a drug that has not been approved yet, then they should be able toShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is best known for its role on protecting the health of the public by making sure that food, medications are safe and effective. Especially when it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, its mission is to regulate pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as the drug approval process. However, in the recent years, many arguments and controversy regarding drug development and regulation have risen. Drug advertisements make false and misleading claims, products areRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting and promoting  public health  through regulating pharmaceutical drugs, biologics and medical device in context to granting approvals for marketing authorization, surveillance of the clinical trial study of the drug, post-marketing surveillance of the medical product, etc. The Pharmaceutical companies seek for FDA approval for a new drug to be marketed through a long process. This process starts with applying an application knownRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1017 Words   |  5 Pagescosmetic products on the market all over the world than ever before. There has also been an emphasis on beauty and how one presents themselves to others. The combination of these factors lead to an increase in demand for cosmetics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has little to no control over the regulation over the safety of the ingredients included in personal care products on the market. Problems arise because there are known and identified toxic chemicals in many cosmetics, but not muchRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration898 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy, foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and their byproducts, derived from plant varieties developed by the new methods of genetic modification are regulated within the existing framework of the act† (FDA). In other words, instead of creating new regulations that are specific to these completely unique food products, they are put within the umbrella of other â€Å"natural† products. As time passes it appears to be harder to establish strict regulations to manage genetically modified food. AccordingRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto decline and present a risk to future food security. As a world, we are facing an adaptation deficit leaving us very vulnerable and thus, we must seek to find alternative resources to adapt and mitigate the risk to agriculture. One solution might be attributed to genetically modified foods, which are found in 80% of processed foods today, much to the unawareness of public consumers. In America, the Food and Drug Administration has the authority over food la beling and it has concluded that thereRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1903 Words   |  8 Pages2016. On December 1, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration released a Final Rule clarifying the requirements, which include easy-to-see calorie counts for all â€Å"standard menu items,† as well as the inclusion of statements communicating the average daily intake of 2,000 calories and informing consumers that more detailed nutritional information can be obtained by request (Goldman, 2015). The goal of this rule is â€Å"to make nutrition information for certain foods available to consumers in a directRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration2463 Words   |  10 PagesConsumers thus should be concerned what they put in their bodies. The Food and Drug Administration is regulating food, but people are sicker now than they ever have been. Not only them, but the big pharmaceutical companies also play a role in this giving drugs to people to help their problems but end up with a host of other problems from their fix. With this project I hope to show how incompetent the Food and Drug Administration is by unveiling what synthetic vitamins really are, the chemicals usedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved naltrexone in 1994 to assist in the treatment of alcohol dependence (Mark et. al, 2003). According to multiple studies of various sizes the medication has been proven to be highly beneficial in assisting with alcohol withdrawal and relapse (Leavitt, 2002; Rohsenow, 2004; Williams, 2005). With the approval of the FDA and the backing of many studies, why is this wonder drug not being more widely used? The following will address how naltrexone worksRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1142 Words   |  5 PagesAndy Nunez English 1101 Amy Sandefur 9 September 2014 Dear Michael Taylor, As senior advisor of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), I understand that you must have thousand of proposals being addressed to you everyday. I also understand that the FDA is responsible for tests that use dogs, primates and other species as test subjects to meet legal safety requirements. (Navs.org) At the same time, I, and millions of other people believe that the laws on animal experimentation need to be reviewedRead MoreThe Food And Drug Administration1430 Words   |  6 Pagesto the sugary taste of many foods and go by many names – saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but they are all formulated by chemical engineers. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) describes artificial sweeteners as â€Å"probably safe,† and this statement has proven to be quite true (Nestle). For several years, aspartame and saccharin have been linked to weight gain and cancer in consumers and lab animals (Nestle). Because artificial sweeteners are used in many food pro ducts (most commonly diet

Analysis The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly Free Essays

In perfect competition, the market consists of a huge number of buyers and sellers and hence, a single buyer or seller, however large, can not influence the market price of a product by changing his own demand / supply of the product. All the firms produce and sell homogeneous products. The products are supposed to be identical in terms of quality, variety, color, design, packing, and other selling conditions whatsoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are no barriers to entry or exit in the market. Firms have complete freedom to move in or move out of any industry without any obstacle. The factors of production can be moved in and out of the market easily and effortlessly. Goods, services and labor are perfectly mobile between firms and consumers. In a perfect competitive market, buyers and sellers are supposed to possess perfect knowledge about the prevailing market conditions. Firms do not have to incur any cost on transportation of goods from one part of the market to another. There are hardly any Govt. interventions in the business of the farms. Due to all these factors, in perfect competition, firms can only earn normal profits From the above mentioned characteristics, it is beyond any doubt that no such market can exist in the real world. The assumption of large number of sellers and product homogeneity imply that all individual firms in perfect competition are price takers, the demand curve being infinitely elastic which means that firms can sell any amount of product at the prevailing price. Product  homogeneity is totally an unrealistic concept. There are always certain barriers to entry and exit for the firms in any market. Factors of production can not be perfectly mobile between firms and transportation cost always exists in every market. ‘Perfect knowledge’ never exists among all buyers and sellers and there is hardly any market where the government is devoid of any power to control it. Direct and indirect taxes are common in every part of the world. Monopoly Monopoly, being the exact opposite of the perfectly competitive market, consists of only one seller of a product. The products are not homogeneous in nature and hence, there is no close substitute for them. Moreover, barriers of entry are high and the firms can either fix the price or control the supply of a product. A monopolist applies price discrimination (different prices are charged for the same product from different customers); thereby earning super-normal profits. Pure monopoly is also rare in today’s market structure. There are always some close substitutes for every product or service. Thus while the National Railways may be termed a monopoly, the Road Transport Corporation provides a close substitute for the services provided by the former. Even a few decades ago, in developing countries like India, the National Airlines and TV channel, Electricity Boards etc. But with the globalization liberalization act in 1992, a large number of private players from across the world entered the market and gained considerable market share. De Beers was considered as one of the most effective natural monopolist in the world holding slightly less than 90 percent of market share in the mid-1980s, but still it was not the single player in the diamond market. Thus, although there may be certain markets which closely resemble some conditions of perfect and monopoly competitions, but considering the definition and characteristics of both these two types of markets, it can easily be concluded that the existence of such markets in the present age, is only a fictitious concept. References Economics for Managers, ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR) Publications, chapter: 6 – 7                                                 How to cite Analysis: The Study of Perfect Competition and Monopoly, Essay examples

Human Resource Management for Legal Knowledge- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Legal Knowledge. Answer: Human resource management is a very important part that should be taken into consideration by every organization. If the organization have an effective human resource department then it can be easy for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. It is necessary to develop human resource policies and practices but it becomes really very difficult when we clearly explain the cultures of home country and subsidiary company as well as the cultures of the countries. Only explaining them doesnt make any sense so the company needs to find out the best policies and practices for both the subsidiary and private company. Many times the culture of the country and the culture of the organization differ and the difference is because of different culture, people followed in different countries. There are many approaches of human resources like ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric, or re-geocentric and according to the research; company has to decide which policy is the best. International human resource management needs to create all the policies and procedures in order to create a balance in the organization. Legal Knowledge- HR manager is responsible to compliance with law in each and every situation. It is a very important aspect of HRM. All the policies and procedures should be formed according to the law. HR should always keep the legal things in mind while drafting the policies as it affects the existence and the growth of the organization. There are different laws like labor law, minimum wages, tax laws, minimum working hour, minimum wages, and no discrimination. An HR should always ensure that all the applicable laws are followed or not (Mishra, 2016). Organizational roles- HR have the responsibility to organize the functions in the organization. HR management includes managing all the employees, and managing the HR department as well. HR should introduce the newcomers with the existing employees and assign a mentor to them. They are responsible to calculate their efficiency and improve them with the help of rewards and recognition (Wilson, 2014). Payroll management- HR management is responsible in calculating the wages, reimbursements, generation of pay slips and attendance of the employees. All the monitoring and tracking of in and out time of employees is also monitored by HR department. HR should provide possible information to the employees so that they can create a transparency in the organization. HR should ensure timely release of the salary and proper calculation has to be done while calculating the salary. Management- Management role of HR department is the most important role they have to play. They are responsible to manage the whole organization. They have to provide all possible efforts to create a healthy and good environment in the organization. They have to manage, create, implement and supervise the policies that are necessary for the employees and also provide them with the information of its proper functioning (Storey, 2014). Human resource management plays a great role to manage the function of the team and also helps to assist the employees working in the organization. Human resource department should be there in every organization so that the work related with the employees can be managed in a proper way. The hiring is done by human resource department and also the activities conducted by the employees are analysed by the human resource team. All the recruitment and selection process is conducted by the team which help the organization to attain goals and objectives of the organization. They act like a mediator between the employees and the organization. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to solve the conflicts that are prevailing in the organization. The employees who are working in the organization can sort out there problems by contacting to the human resource manager. To enhance the satisfaction of the employees the main duty is of the human resource manager. If the employee pos sess any difficulty in conducting task or face any problem in the organization, then they should contact to human resource manager of the organization (Ward McInnis, 2015). International human resource management consist of the similar activities that are conducted by the organization. IHRM consist of the roles and responsibilities that help to attain the organizational goals and objectives in effective manner. The aim is to survive in the competitive environment that exists on national and international level. There are various functions like recruitment, selection, training and development that are conducted on the international level. There are many functions related with IHRM and it helps to enhance the growth of the organization (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). The first function is concerned with recruitment and staffing. In this the main responsibility is to appoint efficient staff for the organization. The manager only hires the candidates who are eligible enough to conduct each and every function of the organization. At the time of recruitment there are various steps that are taken into consideration like interview and job description. It is very essential that international human resource management take into consideration those policies that can be implemented in a viable manner. It is very important to consider the qualification and experience of the candidate before appointing in the organization. It is seen that human resource plays a great role in conducting day to day operations of the organization and if the employees are not efficient, then it can be very difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. The work or task should be assigned to the candidate according to the qualification and skills that are poss essed by an individual (Barak, 2016). The next function is related with training and development. Training and development is one of the important aspects that should be taken into consideration by every organization. It is the method that enhances the motivation level of the employees towards the work. If proper training is given to the employees, then it is seen that employees of the organization conduct its operation in a proper manner. Training helps to increase the confidence level of the employees towards work. Training is a method by which the skills and capability of the employees is enhanced. If the organization does not provide effective training to its employees, then it can give negative impact on the working pattern of the organization (Greenberg Jetton, 2013). Another function is related with the salary and compensation. To keep balance between the compensation and the benefits of the human resource department is taken into consideration. The main responsibility of the human resource department is to provide the salary to the employees of the organization. There are various organizations that provide benefits like vacation trips, insurance plans to the employees who are working in the organization. So, all these activities are taken into consideration by the human resource department of the organization (Marchington, Wilkinson, Donnelly Kynighou, 2016). The last function is concerned with the legal criteria. The organization should conduct its operations under the legal rules and regulation implemented by the government. The human resource department should understand the laws that are implemented to conduct the day to day operations of the business. The laws differ from country to country. There are various laws that are imposed like workmen compensation, minimum wage and also the law related with the paid vacations. Also there are taxation policies that should be properly taken into consideration by the human resource manager of the organization. Human resource manager should consider all the laws and should consider it by discussing with the top management (Bunk Magley, 2013). There are various responsibilities that should be conducted by the human resource department. To resolve the conflicts: Conflict in the organization arises due to various reasons. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to create harmony and peace in the organization, so that the employees can work with full dedication towards the work. There are many employees who work in the organization and everyone has their own state of mind. So conflict arises easily between the employees. The main responsibility is of human resource manager to take corrective actions so that the employees feel good in working in the organization (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). Training and development: It is method by which the professional skills of the employee can be enhanced. The main responsibility is of the human resource manager to implement those training methods that enhances the productivity level of the employees. Training is very essential element that helps the organization to achieve positive outcomes. If training is not given to the employees then it can be very difficult for the company to achieve its targets. So, the human resource manager should focus on providing training to the employees of the organization. By proper training the organization can easily attain success and also the goodwill can be enhanced (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). Hire fresh talent: The manager has a responsibility to hire the fresh talent or the new candidates in the organization. The interview is conducted by the manager so that the eligible candidate can be selected for the organization. The candidates who possess the required qualification and skills are appointed by the manager to conduct the day to day operations of the business. In the recent scenario it is a great challenge to appoint appropriate candidate for the organization, as now a days people possess the knowledge but they dont know how to implement it in the right place. So the manager should take into consideration proper strategies by which the appropriate candidate can be selected for the organization (Ford, 2014). Working environment: It is seen that working environment plays a great role to enhance the level of productivity of the employees. It is the responsibility of the human resource department to maintain good environment in the organization, so that the employees can give their best towards the work. It is the responsibility of the department to minimize the negative forces and also to eliminate the stressful environment that gives direct impact on the employees who are working in the organization (Brewster, Houldsworth, Sparrow Vernon, 2016). The environment of the organization should be healthy and safe for the employees so that the positive results can be attained by the organization. The employees should be given the power to discuss the problems so that they can work freely. If the employees work with stress then it will be difficult for the organization to attain the goals and objectives. Effective communication should be there in the organization, so that employees can feel free to share their views with the people of the organization (Aswathappa, 2013). Employee relations: It is very important to maintain the effective employee relations, so that the organization can easily attain the objectives. Employee relation is something on which the organization should give more focus, so that peace and harmony can be maintained and employees can work happily without stress. Employees are considered as an asset of the organization, they should be handled with proper care. If focus is not given on the employees, then it can be difficult for the organization to operate the day to day operations of the business. An effective organization is that in which the relation between the employee and the organization is proper. If the relation between the employees and the organization is not good then it can give negative impact on the profitability. The essential part is to create trust between the employees of the organization. If the trust is not there then it can be difficult for the organization to survive for long. So, the relations should be maintained in a proper way so that the employees can disclose their skills and work with full dedication (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The employees of the organization should be satisfied, and then only the organization will work in a viable way. International human resource management has a great impact on the multinational organizations as they take into consideration the people who belong from different culture or background. The human resource manager should give focus on maintaining the culture of the organization and also to enhance the productivity level of the employees who are working in the organization. The policies and procedures of the organization should be developed in such a manner that it gives satisfaction to the employees to work in effective way. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Aswathappa, K. (2013).Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P., Vernon, G. (2016).International human resource management. Kogan Page Publishers. Bunk, J. A., Magley, V. J. (2013). The role of appraisals and emotions in understanding experiences of workplace incivility.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,18(1), 87. Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Greenberg, B. N., Jetton, S. M. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,352,341. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Grohmann, A., Kauffeld, S. (2013). Evaluating training programs: Development and correlates of the questionnaire for professional training evaluation.International Journal of Training and Development,17(2), 135-155. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016).Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Mishra, S. (2016). A study of barriers in managing workforce diversity.International Journal of Research in IT and Management,6(6), 140-156. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Ward, K. S., McInnis, L. A. (2015). Managing workforce health and wellness.Laboratory Medicine,39(6), 325-331. Wilson, J. P. (2014). International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2).

Father Of Internet Technology Essays - Telegraphy,

Father Of Internet Technology Evaluation of Craig Brockman's Assignment by Eric Becker (05/22 05:40 PM) Grade: A Craig H. Brockman Instructor: Eric Becker College Writing 9 May 2000 Dr. Leonard Kleinrock: Father of Internet Technology Most every work of human progress has carried within it the signature of one or more individuals who saw beyond the horizon, challenged convention and then, in ways large and small, forever changed our world. Some of these signatures, like Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone and Thomas Edison, whose many patents include both the electric light bulb, the microphone and record player, are easily identifiable. But what about a work of human progress so complex and far-reaching that its very origins might seem untraceable? Indeed, what about the Internet? [leave a space between paragraphs to make the break more distinguished] There are, of course, many individuals who have contributed to the rise and globalization of the Internet -- a network of networks, connecting all parts of the world electronically Yet one name stands out: Dr. Leonard Kleinrock, known to many as The Father of Internet Technology. It was his theory of packet-switching that led the United States government and a team of nearly 40 researchers to develop what would eventually be the worldwide communications system that is today so much a part of our lives.[excellent introduction, excellent thesis] The Internet, what exactly is it, and where did it come from? Definitions of the Internet are varied and can be truly complicated for the common layman to understand. In its most simple form, the Internet is defined in the publication The Internet, as the Internet is the biggest computer system in the world. It is an enormous network of networks that spans the globe continuously evolving and redefining itself (Cooper 8). However, there is an official definition of the Internet by the United States government. The governing body of the Internet is called The Federal Networking Council (FNC). And on October 24, 1995 the FNC defined the Internet as a global information system that - (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein. (FNC) The start of the Internet Development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency network (ARPAnet) started in the 1950's during the Eisenhower administration. ARPAnet was the answer to the Soviet Unions launching of Sputnik. The United States military needed a way to communicate around the military network safely and securely. They (Department of Defense) came up with a system which sent information broken down into packets of data (Cooper 12). Since the ARPAnet was a network, the question of networking would surely arise. As pointed out in a compilation edited by Brian Cooper, network is defined as [...] a pair of computers linked together by cable so that they can share information, hardware (such as printers), and programs (12). Who is Dr. Kleinrock? Leonard Kleinrock had a very humble beginning. Born June 13, 1934 in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. At the age of six, Leonard Kleinrock was reading a Superman comic book at his family's apartment in Manhattan, when, in the centerfold, he found plans for building a crystal radio. To do so, he needed his father's used razor blade, a piece of pencil lead, an empty toilet paper roll, and some wire. [...] He needed an earphone, which he promptly appropriated from a public telephone booth. The one remaining part required was something called a variable capacitor. For this, young Leonard convinced his mother to take him on the subway down to Canal Street, the center for radio electronics. In one of the stores, he asked the clerk for a variable capacitor. After some debate about the size, which forced the six-year old to confess his inexperience, the clerk sold him just what he needed. [...] When free music came through the earphones-without batteries, without power-an engineer was born (Segaller 32). The education of Dr. Kleinrock was also incredible. One would look from the outside and would

Her path to a hopeful future Professor Ramos Blog

Her path to a hopeful future The story Woman Hollering Creek by Sandra Cisneros is about a girl named Cleofilas who is just about to marry a man named Juan. Newly married and planning to move, Her father said something to her as they said their goodbyes, â€Å"I am your father I will never abandon you.† (Cisneros 43). This stayed with her forever and she often thought, â€Å"How when a man and a woman love each other, sometimes that love sours. But a parent’s love for a child, a child’s for its parents, is another thing entirely.† (Cisneros 43). This is what I imagined saved her when she went into a dark place and thought about all of those stories from the telenovelas and folktales like La Llorona she knew of while growing up. Those could have played a big role into how her future turned out, she could have drowned her two kids like La Llorona or stayed in her abusive relationship with Juan like she would see in those shows she watched. Cleofilas picked a different ending to her sto ry, she turned something so tragic into potentially something beautiful. Cleofilas loved watching telenovelas and watched them very frequently. This affected and gave her unrealistic expectations on how a relationship works. She mentioned how one of the fictional characters who puts up with â€Å"all kinds of hardships of the heart and betrayal and loving no matter what because that is the most important thing.† (Cisneros 44). This line and the belief of putting up with the hardships of a relationship made Cleofilas believe that when Juan started hitting her it was something that was just a hardship. She didnt think he would ever hit her and was actually surprised when it happened. It wasnt just once either, he would hit her, not stopping till her lips were split and blood was spilled. She was so surprised, she didnt do anything, didnt fight back like she would see in those dramatic scenes in those telenovelas she watched. At times she thought about leaving him and returning home to her fathers house. She feared she would be seen as a disgrace, how the neighbours would talk and how she would come back with a young child, pregnant and no husband. Times were different back then and if you were a female you most likely werent working and as this was Cleofilas case, she felt as of she couldnt leave because â€Å"because the towns here are built so that you have to depend on husbands. Or you stay home.† (Cisneros 51). This makes woman feel isolated and stuck, which is what happend with Cleofilas. This keeps many women from leaving an abusive relationship, the most common reasons women stay in an abusive relationship are â€Å"fear, shame, lack of money/resources, love† (NDVH)   Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that Cleofilas felt like La Llorona in a way, living by that creek which was called Woman Hollering Creek.   She learned about the story growing up, the woman who drowned her children. She felt as if La Llorona was calling to her. The story of La Llorona was told to many children growing up, mostly to scare them. The story is about a girl named Maria who married a rich man, had two kids with them but after they were born he began to not care about her and started seeing another woman and drinking which angered her because she knew he might leave her. He would leave Maria for months at a time and when he came back it was only to see their two kids, this made her feel very angry and she started to resent her own children. She grew angry and threw them in the river, but soon after regretted it and would search for them, weeping, walking aside the river. Eventually because of her not eating, while constantly searching she died on the side of the river.   The ta le begins after when people would see a woman by the river weeping calling out for her children, and also taking other children and killing them as well. This feared everyone and they began calling her the La Llorona which stands for â€Å"the weeping woman†. I think Cleofilas felt a resemblance to La Llorona, living by the creek, two children and a bad relationship. I believe this scared her and she started to think of a way to get out. Cleofilas begs Juan to let her go to the doctor to check on the baby and eventually he says yes. She promised that if asked she would say she got her bruises from falling. When she’s there with her doctor she starts crying and the doctor sees all of her bruises, the doctor called her friend Felice. Graciela the doctor, explained to Felice Cleofilas situation and how all of her family is in Mexico and she hasnt been able to talk to them. This isnt uncommon and actually happens a lot, one of the most common signs of abuse is â€Å"keeping or discouraging you from seeing your friends or family.† (NDVH) They arrange that Felice will meet Cleofilas at the Cash N Carry on Thursday, from there she will drop her off at the greyhound. When Thursday came around Cleofilas was scared, â€Å"All morning that flutter of half-fear, Half-doubt.† (Cisneros 55) she feared Juan would come any second, just like what would happen in her dreams, she kept thinking until she saw a woman in a pickup truck. She put her bags in the back and the headed on their way. When crossing the river Felice opened her mouth and yelled, startling Cleofilas and Juan, Felice then explained how its something she does every time she crosses the bridge since it was called Woman Hollering Creek. Cleofilas felt amazed by Felice because she was a woman who drove a pickup truck, her own pickup truck, that she herself was paying for. I feel like this gave Cleofilas hope, that one day she herself can be so independent and own her own car, pay her own bills. Felice was unlike any woman she has ever met. Cleofilas went home and told the story of the yelling woman who yelled when crossing the bridge and how she herself yelled. I believe that this was the beginning of a new life for Cleofilas, with hope for her new future, she now could do whatever she wanted. There was away where she She was free and had changed her fate and was no longer scared that she saw a connection between her and La Llorona. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman hollering creek. 1991. The National Domestic Violence Hotline. (NDVH). https://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/

Discussion 700 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 700 - Assignment Example This assumption is underpinned by the fact that there is a point of intersection between patients’ seeking clinical care because of their problems and nurses availing themselves in willingness to offer the care. The theory assumes that therapeutic interaction cause patients and nurses to mature. This is because both of them end up learning something new from the encounter. Thirdly, the theory assumes that interviewing skills and communication skills will remain essential to nursing. Through these skills, nurses gather information about the issues of the patient in order to decide accurately about the most appropriate care. The last assumption is that self-understanding is important for nurses to facilitate patient growth and not limit the patient’s choices (Meleis, 2007). Man is an important concept to this theory and it perceives man as an organism that seeks ways of reducing the tensions drawing from their felt needs. According to this theory, health denotes a concept that shows progress of human processes towards community, productive and constructive living ((Basavanthappa, 2007)). Peplau perceived society or environment as containing mores and culture that are important to treatment. Nursing entails a relationship between persons in need of health services and health workers trained to recognize and address these needs. The theory is clear that a therapeutic alliance is imperative for a nursing process to succeed. It has remained consistent through time (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Finally, the theory holds that the nursing process happens in stages. These stages are orientation, identification, exploitation, and

Building for a Sustainable Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Building for a Sustainable Future - Essay Example Strategic planning at the beginning of site investigation helps ensure that the process is technically sound, resourceful, and operating on proper time frame. There must be clear understanding of the specific regulations governing the investigation and remediation process, so that the entire operation is satisfactorily addressed (Improving Site Investigation). A structure which is economical and safe to construct is durable and has low maintenance costs. A large part of the decision to construct depends on the understanding of the nature of the ground. This understanding comes from an appreciation of the distribution of the materials in the ground and their properties. An adequate site investigation is therefore an essential part of the building project (A Client's Guide to Site Investigation). The selection of treatment technologies for a site often depends on the physical and chemical properties of the contaminants. For instance, volatile organic compounds are amenable to treatment by technologies such as soil vapor extraction or thermal desorption, because of their volatility. Conversely, metals which are not volatile and do not degrade are not usually amenable to treatment by those technologies (Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup). Brownfield sites are real property, ... ly, metals which are not volatile and do not degrade are not usually amenable to treatment by those technologies (Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup). Information to be included within a desk study Brownfield sites are real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant. If there is the fear that the site had borne any type of hazardous elements in the near or distant past, then it becomes necessary to have the site duly examined to find if traces of these elements exist in the soil today. The examination can be carried out by directly engaging site investigators. However, it is also necessary to ensure that the local authorities are apprised of the investigation and see if their participation is required in the investigation. Normally, statutory regulations empower states, communities and other stakeholders to work together to accomplish redevelopment of brownfields sites. These regulations also help businesses and communities adapt environment cleanup programs to the special needs of brownfields sites. Preparing brownfields sites for productive reuse requires integration of many elements. These elements mainly consist of financial issues, community involvement, liability considerations, environmental assessment and cleanup, regulatory requirements, coordination among many groups of stakeholders, etc. The assessment and cleanup of a site must be carried out in a way that integrates all these factors into the overall redevelopment process. The cleanup strategy will vary from site to site. At some sites, cleanup will be completed before the properties are transferred to the new owners. At other sites, cleanup may take place simultaneously with

Rthur Anderson Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rthur Anderson Scandal - Essay Example This helped the firm to grow and ended up being one of the companies serving the greatest number of clients in the U.S. Those who worked with Andersen were aware of his motto: "Think straight, talk straight.† Andersen also played a big role in upping the standards in the U.S. accounting industry. Additionally, he was involved in innovation of new accounting standards that are still being used today. Andersen was active in social activities that also got involved in charitable organization as well in promotion of education. The firm spent large amounts of money into training new recruits (Martin and Arthur 127). This was crucial in stressing the company’s morals and its consistency around in offering and performing services. The company was admired by many people for the high morals exhibited. He became even more popular when he refused to engage in a fraud case when one of his prominent clients presented flawed accounting records. He chose to lose the client rather than committing fraud, as was the wish of the client. This had a positive impact since it increased his reputation and that of the company. Greed Begins During the 1980s, the company started experiencing internal friction. Then, there were two divisions making up the firm. These were the consulting division and the audit division. The latter was much more established although consulting was then growing much faster than any other portion of the company (Ferrell et al. 327). This unequal growth of the departments led to the conflict arising since the consulting division felt that they needed a bigger share of the firm’s profits. As a result, there were disputes between both divisions, with each side citing the other as being greedy and unfair. Both the audit and the consulting divisions were essentially separate companies. The consulting firm was under the ownership of Andersen. It paid a percentage of their earnings to the parent company (Ferrell et al. 329). Later, Andersen estab lished another consulting division within his company. This new division competed with the other consulting department and this enabled them to retain all the earnings. Later the two sides split, forming separate companies. Fraud begins Andersen was involved in many cases, all of which he was accused of committing accounting fraud. Some of these companies included Sunbeam, Baptist Founding of Arizona, Quest Communication, Waste Management and Global Crossing. Surprisingly, Andersen was able to settle all these claims without admitting any existence of fraud. In case the claims got more serious and had nothing but to admit to fraud, the company put the blame on a few â€Å"corrupt partners.† However, the increased fraud cases were not favorable to the company as they were tarnishing the name of Andersen. Analysis It is clear that the continued unpunished behavior of the company’s activities led to a snowball effect that resulted in increased corruption at a high level. The accounting fraud issues had started small in the past. The activities went on unchecked until the management pushed the limits of the fraudulent deeds (Ferrell et al. 317). For a long time Andersen was generally viewed by many people as the symbol for integrity and honesty. Thus, most of these people thought that these fraudulent activities were not occurring at the high level of the firm. The Enron Scandal Enron Corporation was a global energy, commodities

The Adventure In The Context Of Tourism Tourism Essay

The Adventure In The Context Of Tourism Tourism Essay Adventure Tourism has known a rapid popularity during these last past decades. This rise and sudden popularity was partially thanks to a progression in the commercialization of outdoor recreation (Buckley, 2000, 2004a; Travel Industry Association, 2005) in (Buckley, 2007). Adventure travel existed since a long time; it began with early settler and has amplified increasingly since this period. The first adventure travelers were early explorers in quest of discovery, in the hunt for new resources, lands and looking for unknown places. Columbus, Cook, Da Gama, Magellan and Raleigh are among the well known early explorers in quest of adventure (Swarbrooke et al, 2003: 41). Mercenaries were also characterized as early adventurers having as main interest money, risk seeking while some others like Pilgrims were looking for spiritual knowledge (Swarbrooke et al, 2003). Adventure tourism is currently receiving a lot of attention and is the fastest and fashionable growing sector of the tourism industry. It is perceived as being a niche segment and take in land, air and sea-based activities. Adventure travel is becoming well-liked and individuals are now striving to find equilibrium between work and leisure. Adventure travel has recently created a center of attention for the older people most precisely the baby boomers (Patterson and Pan, 2007). This new cohort born between 1946 and 1964 are getting engaged in new adventure activities. This tendency is principally due to a change in lifestyle, being financially secured than previous cohorts and having more time now that their children have left home. Baby boomers are pushed and pulled by different motives to engage in Adventure tourism. One can have the wish for new experiences, escape from the daily routine, baby boomers in todays world no longer want to sit in a bus going for sightseeing they want t o experience in the activity. Baby boomers can be soft adventurers in pursuit of easy-doing activities containing low level of risk like bird watching, horse riding or hard adventurers in quest of thrills, challenge and adrenaline. Therefore, to better exploit the subject, research has been undertaken to explore and analyze what really motivate this generation to engage in adventure tourism, identify the different motivational factors, the types of activities they are more likely to participate in and their profile characteristics. Lot of research has been done on Adventure Tourism (Vester, 1987; Hill, 1995; Sung, 1997, 2000, 2004; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003; Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Gyimothy and Mykletun, 2004; Kane and Tucker, 2004; Weir, 2004; Flucker, 2005; Williams and Soutar, 2005; Cater, 2006; Page et al, 2006; Buckley, 2000, 2006, 2007; Patterson and Pan, 2007; Schott, 2007; Dimmock, 2009; Reynolds, 2012). Moreover there are some books of particular relevance to adventure tourism. These include Miles and Priest (1999) on adventure programming in outdoor recreation; Swarbrooke et al, 2003 on Adventure Tourism: The new frontier; Buckley (2006) on the structure of adventure tourism products and Patterson (20 06) on Growing older, tourism and leisure behavior of older adults. 1.1. Problem Statement Several studies have been written on adventure tourism, however no other studies apart from Patterson and Pan (2007) has been found on the motivation of baby boomers in adventure tourism. Most of the existing studies focus on adventure tourism from a general point of view (Vester, 1987; Buckley, 2006; Whiriskey and McCarthy, 2006) or look at different perspective such as Mountaineering and Adventure Tourism (Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Pomfret, 2006). Though, there is relatively little research neither on the motivation of people to engage in adventure nor on baby boomers. Ewert and Hollenhorst (1989) focused on adventure travel and its wilderness. Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2004) investigate on the segmentation of adventure market by activities while Dimmock (2009) explored on the comfort in adventure and Reynolds (2012) studied on the motivation and lifestyle of surfing as an adventure travel. Thus adventure tourism has been studied but through diverse perspectives and none apart from Patterson and Pan (2006) has focused on the motivation of Baby Boomers in Adventure. Subsequently to compensate this gap, this research will go deeper to assess those motivations that indulge baby boomers to participate in adventure tourism. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim The main aim of this study is to assess what motivate baby boomers to engage in adventure tourism. Objectives Assess the socio-demographic characteristics of baby boomers. To evaluate the trip arrangement factors of baby boomers To differentiate between hard and soft adventure and identify in which type of adventure activities baby boomers are more engaged in. Examine the push and pull factors that influence baby boomers in their choice. Outline of Study This study consists of five sections: the introduction, the literature review, methodology, results and discussion and conclusion and possible recommendations. Chapter 1: The study starts with a brief description on the field of research. This includes an introduction on the expansion of the tourism industry, the emergence of adventure tourism in todays world. It also includes the problem statement, aims and objectives of the research. Chapter 2: The literature review is divided into two parts which is chapter 2 and chapter 3. Chapter 2 is the first part of the literature review. This entails the theoretical background; starting with brief definition of different terms namely adventure Tourism, baby boomers, the types of adventure tourism. Chapter 3: The second part of the literature review lays great emphasis on the motivational theories; this chapter goes deeper onto the different motives that influence individuals in their choice for adventure. Chapter 4: This comprises of the methodology, this explains how research was conducted, the questionnaire design, method used to collect the data, sampling techniques, the data analysis and limitations of the study. Chapter5: This includes the results and discussions of the results Chapter 6: The last chapter reviews all of what have been discussed in the research and ends with some possible recommendations Chapter 2 2.0. Introduction This chapter consists of the literature review; the literature review sets the theoretical framework of this study. Before coming to the definition of adventure tourism, the term adventure is first explained, entailing its core characteristics. This is followed by an explanation on the term adventure tourism and baby boomers, types of adventure tourism as well as a the different types of activities involved in adventure tourism. 2.1. Adventure Adventure is all about action (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The term Adventure does not have a single definition. Adventure could mean different things to different people. What is Adventure for one can be routine for another (Weir, 2004). It varies from a vacation experience to a daily work life of an individual. In order to better understand the term adventure, it is crucial to pass on to its core characteristics; this is demonstrated in the figure below. Figure 1: The core characteristics of Adventure Source: Swarbrooke et al. (2003) These characteristics effectively go over the main points of adventure. Swarbrooke et al. (2003) affirm that these characteristics are mutually dependent since one element can develop the stimuli of another. For instance, novelty may lead to new exploration and discovery, escape from daily life, a look for challenge, danger and risk and develop contrasting emotions. 2.3. Adventure in the context of Tourism Tourists in todays world are not the same as it was in previous years. In this day and age, tourists are desperately in pursuing momentous and unique experiences. They want active rather than passive participation, seek new sensation and change from their ordinary life (Moeran, 1983:17). Adventure tourism is the new emergent and niche sector of the tourism industry. This sector count up 15% of all leisure travel and this rate is going to enlarge in the coming future (Hawkins, 1994; Loverseed, 1997; Fluker and Turner, 2000). Researchers has defined adventure tourism through diverse interpretation (Buckley, 2000; Bentley and Page, 2001; Hudson, 2002; Swarbrooke et al. 2003; Page et al. 2005). Amodeo (2004: 84) define adventure tourism as travel to places that require a certain degree of effort and commitment to get and are about the experience and the journey rather than just a list of places visited or the level of luxury. On the contrary, Muller and Cleaver (2000, p.156) define adventure tourism as physically bracing, adrenalin-driven, somewhat risky, with moments of exhilaration punctuated by many opportunities to assess and reassess what has been done or accomplished. As compared to Amodeo (2004), Muller and Cleaver (2000) definition of the term is mostly inter-related to the two constructs of perceived risk and perceived performance, where high physical ability and risk sensation is mended for it to be extreme and dynamic. Nevertheless, Weir (2004) argue that Adventure do not necessarily contain high level of danger, since there exist adventure with no element of risk or hazard. In the tourism industry, this is normally termed as soft adventure. On the contrary of the definition provided by the researchers, Swarbrooke et al (2003) state that Adventure tourism is not defined according to specific activities that are undertaken, but more by the state of mind and approach of the participant. This means that it is the personal interpretation and perception of individuals towards Adventure that will more clearly define the term. Six major dimensions of adventure tourism have been developed by Sung, Morrison and OLeary (1997) and these are namely activity, experience, environment, motivation, risk and performance. These components can be seen as major essentials for people to go for adventure travel. The activity and environment will consist of the physical location of the adventure travel, and this can be the natural environment. The experience will be the outcome to gain at the end, this can be self-achievement. Moreover, the motivation is all about the interest of the individual and endeavors to engage in adventure while risk and performance is a look for challenge and competence to do the activity. Adventure tourism takes in a range of activities and this includes air, sea and land-based activities (Hall, 1992; Fennel, 1999; Page et al. 2003; Pomfret, 2004; Gajda, 2008).This is illustrated in table 1. Table 1: Conventional and contemporary adventure tourism activities Land based Water based Air based Mixed (land/water/air) Abseiling Body boarding Ballooning Adventure racing Backpacking Canoeing Bungee jumping Charity challenges Bicycle Canyoning Cliff jumping Conservation expeditions Caving Cruise expeditions Gliding Cultural experiences Climbing Kayaking Hang-gliding Gap your travel Dog sledding Sailing Micro-lighting Hedonistic experiences Hiking Scuba diving Paragliding Spiritual enlightenment Hunting Snorkeling Parachuting Wildlife watching Horseback riding Surfing Skydiving Jungle exploring Water skiing Motorcycling White water rafting Mountain biking Wind surfing Mountaineering Orienteering Quad biking Scrambling Skiing Snow boarding Snow mobiling Snow shoeing Via Ferrata* Wilderness experiences* â‚ ¬Ã‚ ªBackpacking, climbing, hiking, mountaineering, skiing, via ferrata and wilderness experiences are all mountaineering-related activities Sources: Hall 1992, Page et al. 2003, Pomfret 2004 2.4. Types of Adventure Tourism Adventure tourism is composed of diverse types of activities which can fit to the need of different adventure traveler (CBI, 2011). Types of Adventure tourism can be categorized in two section which is hard and soft Adventure. The categorization of the Adventure tourism aspects diverge between researchers (Hill, 1995; Cloke and Perkins, 1998; Sung, Morrison and OLeary, 2000; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003; Ryan and Trauer, 2004) in (Schott, 2007). For example, Sung, Morrison and OLeary (2000) categorized the types of activities into six groupings including soft nature, risk equipped, question marks, hard challenge, rugged nature and winter snow (Beedie and Hudson, 2003). Several studieswere categorized in terms of activities and principally between hard and soft adventure and the researchers study will follow this trend (Hill, 1995; Millington and Locke, 2001; Ewert and Jamieson, 2003:69; Miller, 2003:2; Adventure Travel Society, 2003; Patterson and Pan, 2007). Table 2 present some example s of soft and hard adventure tourism. Table 2: Examples of soft and hard adventure tourism Soft adventure Hard adventure Wilderness jeep safaris Climbing and mountaineering Supervised and escorted trekking Long distance back country trekking Cycling holidays Downhill mountain biking Sailing holidays Paragliding Learning to surf and to windsurf Heli-skiing holidays Camping Canoeing and kayaking Source: Sung et al. 2000 2.4.1. Soft Adventure Soft adventure can be defined as adventure activities that require low level of risk, low physical effort and obligation. These are activities usually undertaken by novice adventurers or people who want passive activities level, accompanied with experienced guides (Hill, 1995) in (Schott, 2007). On the other hand, Goodnow (2005) described Soft adventure journeys as travel to new and exotic locations with low force activities. Some major examples of soft adventure activities are horse-riding, biking, hiking, canoeing, snorkeling, and animal watching, walking in natural areas, safari (Beedie and Hudson, 2003; Swarbrooke et al, 2003; Williams and Soutar, 2005; Patterson and Pan, 2006; CBI, 2011) Generally, novice adventures engaged in soft activities due to the fact that they lack some experience, it can be misperceiving risk and their competence and perhaps choose soft activities because of a sensation of fear and hesitant and thus want to be on safe in a secured environment (Priest, 1999, p.160, cited in Miles and Priest; Pomfret, 2004). 2.4.2 Hard Adventure Hill (1995) labeled hard adventure as activities requiring high level of risk, extreme commitment and superior and sometimes specialized skills. Hill also point out that hard adventures necessitate good skills in risky and dangerous situations. Risk and competence are two major aspects involve in hard adventure activities. Those engage in hard adventure are generally in quest of challenge, adrenaline rush and risk(Peterson, 1989; Rubin, 1989; Mallett, 1992) in (Williams and Soutar, 2005). People have a desire to seek new sensations (Zuckerman, 1979), and are motivated by challenge and mastery (Ewert, 1985). These people are commonly known to be brave, skilled and having good physical intensity (Pomfret, 2004) Some examples of hard activities are mountain climbing, bungee jumping, canyoning, caving, ballooning, parasailing, surfing and so forth. 2.5. Baby Boomers Baby boomers can be defined as a cohort of young-old people who were born between 1946 and 1964. They are now aged between 48 and 66 years old in 2012, (Gillon, 2004) in (Patterson, 2006, p.15). The history of baby boomers dated from the period of the Second World War. Baby Boomer develops its name due to a growth in birthrate during the years 1946 and 1964  [1]  . During this century, soldiers came back home from war and wanted to start a new life, build up a family, which show this sudden rise in birthrate (Ohio History Central, 2005). Statistics recorded 79 million births during this period1 Another synonym for baby boomers can be Lucky Generation (Mackay, 1997, p.60) in (Hamilton, M and Hamilton, C., 2006). The term Lucky was used to describe them because they have grown up in the first generation enjoying a reasonably prosperous and serene society. Additionally, Hamilton (2006) point out that during retirement baby boomers will definitely have more money to spend after long years of hardworking and savings from pension plans. Baby boomers enjoy a better health than in the past; they are taking special care to their diet, though living longer and happier and more importantly being physically active by engaging in various types of leisure activities (Cochran, 2005; Sperazza and Banerjee, 2011). Baby boomers are seeking new change and novelty; they no longer want to rely on repeat leisure program like bingo party, voluntary actions or mere leisure interests. These activities are getting outdated and this is not going to be in the interest of the baby boomers in retirement. As a result, Experts will definitely have to look at new leisure products, or programs that will attractenthusiastic, energetic participants rather than passive participant (Cochran, Rothschadl and Rudick, 2009). 2.6. Adventure Tourism and Baby Boomers Adventure Tourism has become very popular during these last past decades. Adventure Tourism is considered as an alternative form of tourism. In todays world, people no longer want to enjoy basic activities; they want to surpass the mass activities, being deeply in the thrill and excitement of the adventures. The aging process has also altered intensely during these past years. According to Xola Adventure (2006), old people aged between 41-to-60 years old represent the greatest participating age category in adventure travel at a rate of 42.2 percent. This has emerged and is going to develop more in the future. When talking and thinking about aging process our first impression was an inexorable slide into illness, impotence and immobility (Kraus, 2001). Nowadays, this image of the baby boomers is no more present. Patterson (2006) also shares his opinion on this change. She argues that this is a time of new experiences and feelings. Baby boomers need to feel they are free to do what they want or what they have always dreamed of and which were not fulfilled years before (MacNeil and Teague, 1987; Leitner, 1996; McGuire et al., 2004). Adventure is not reserve for younger people, nowadays lots of people aged between 42 and 64 are being engaged in adventurous activities. Gone are those days where older people used to spend their leisure time in sedentary and socially based activities like watching movies, listening to the radio (Lawton, 1993) in (Patterson, 2006: 7). Research has demonstrate that we are moving through an era where things are changing, habits of older people from previous generation differs from that of the present generation. Baby boomers see their retirement as being the time to refresh, experience novelty and new sensation. They acquire a feeling of freedom and harmony, do what they want, things that was impossible for them to accomplish perhaps due to overload of work, looking and caring for their children (MacNeil and Teague, 1987; Leitner 1996; McGuire et al., 2004). Being more financially secure, in good health and physical condition, and also well-educated encourage baby boomers to engage in outdoor recreation activities. This enables them to feel at one with nature, physically fit and more importantly a way to feel they are still young. Lipscombe (1995) in his research find out that lots of older adults are at present requesting activities that engage physical defy, not purposely danger but travel that have at least journeys, intellectual challenge, and involving the exploration of new places and cultures (Gibson and Singleton, 2012). It is to be noted that baby boomers are not seeking for simple and easy-done activity; they are looking for a certain degree of challenge and risk. They want to have fun, seek thrill, these can be a principle motive because they were too focus on their career years before, striving hard to cater for the needs of the family. All this was such a big responsibility that they now want to relax and enjoy, do something for themselves while children had grown up and get away in the routine they had imprisoned themselves for years. Chris Doyle, vice president of ATTA point out from an interview with Airoldi (2008) that the50-plus traveler is a major market for adventure sector; especially because they are among those who travel more frequently since they have the financial ability to do so. Muller and OCass (2001) explore the different motive of older men and women in engaging in adventure activities. He note down that young at heart older men were more interested to take part in activities such as white-water rafting, glacier hiking, rock climbing, caving and hot air-ballooning. On the contrary to the young at heart older men, the young at heart older women has a preference for mountain hiking, rainwater treks, bird-watching and walking for inner journeys while being on travel holiday. It is then observed that men prefer hard adventure activity as compared to women who enjoyed generally soft ones. A Marketing to women report (2000) sustain such statement by arguing that women aged between 55 and 75 are more likely to engage in soft activities like safaris, hikes and trips to striking locations. They further point out to favor being in a secure environment with professional adventure providers, and with company of others having similar ages. Adventure can be classified in certain words, Play, Freedom and Reality (Kane and Tucker, 2004). The authors basically described adventure as a game played by participants in tourism; being free to engage in any particular activities and experiencing the reality of it. Moreover Kane and Tucker interpret the term play, as being a game for the adults, reliving their childhood and though enjoying this freedom to play like a child again. Hence, this fresh cohort of retirees is hungry to get off the beaten path (Symonds, 1998). 2.7. Summary From this chapter, the researcher has been able to gain a theoretical knowledge of the basic theories on adventure tourism and baby boomers. The different types of adventure tourism was examined, which is hard and soft adventure. The baby boomers generation was also defined, where proper information was gathered in regards to their lifestyle and their interaction in leisure and adventure tourism

drug essay :: essays research papers

Would I say no to drugs and alcohol if I were asked to try it? That is a question that I have been asked many times. What else can I say but absolutely! Why would I say yes to something that very slowly destroys your body? Frankly, I don’t know why anybody would actually want to try it if they know the consequences that they will end up with later in life. Everybody knows, you and I know it, that if they continue smoking for the rest of their life, it is just a matter of time until something really horrible rolls around the corner and ruins the rest of their life. Just think of all the great opportunities that would be waiting for them if they chose to live a healthy life. Have you ever seen those smoking commercials? For instance, the one with the old lady with the hole in her neck? Well, some people might think those commercials are just pointless and gross, but I have a different opinion. I think those commercials send a strong message to young kids just starting to experiment with booze and drugs. They can see the actual effects they have on people and maybe, just maybe, teenagers and other people who are just starting will think twice about making smoking a regular habit. Bad breath, premature wrinkles, yellow teeth, etc. are just some of the short-term effects that drugs will cast upon you. It’s almost like casting a spell on you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦magically they just appear. Some long-term effects of the poisons are much more severe and if you are lucky enough to receive them, you’ll sure wish you never started. Cancer, emphysema, and birth defects if you are pregnant, are just some of the horrible long-term effects that you will probably end up with in the latter parts of your life.